|
| Type | Cancer types | Effects of the CSC-targeting strategies | Reference |
|
| CSC-primed T cells | Head and neck | ALDH1A1-specific CD8+ T cells distinguish and eradicate ALDHhi CSCs in in vitro bioassays, retard xenograft growth and metastases in in vivo bioassays, and prolong survival | [105] |
| Lung | ALDHhigh-CD8+ T cells resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival, hence, bestowing more considerable antitumor effects | [106] |
|
| CSC-lysate DC vaccine | Squamous cell Carcinoma/Melanoma | CSC-DC vaccine that was administered in the adjuvant setting after localized radiation therapy of established tumors resulted in a reduction of tumor growth, and vaccination significantly inhibited tumor growth, abridged ALDHhigh CSC frequency in primary tumors, and metastases through stimulation of humoral immune responses against CSCs | [123] |
| SCC growth was regressed compared to immunization with bulk tumor cells and lung metastasis of melanoma cells was appreciably curtailed | [51] |
| In the adjuvant setting, simultaneous PD-L1 blockade further enhanced local tumor recurrence and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis and also increased survival of the host | [125] |
| Prostate | Tumor regression was witnessed in TRAMP mice, tumor growth was delayed in mice challenged with prostate CSCs, and tumor-specific immune response was induced that was stronger than differentiated tumor cells | [121] |
| Glioblastomas | Antigen-specific T-cell responses against CSCs were elicited and survival in animals was improved | [120] |
| Breast | Migration of DCs to the spleen activated CD8+ and CD45+ T cells; in turn, CTL antitumor responses were induced | [122] |
|
| CSC-mRNA-DC vaccine | Glioblastomas | Seven patients vaccinated with an mRNA-DC vaccine exhibited a common immune response | [172] |
|
| DNA vaccine | Renal cell carcinoma | Stronger antitumor effects were observed in immunization with DNAJB8 expression plasmids in contrast with immunization with the tumor-associated antigen survivin, which was expressed in both CSCs and non-CSCs | [128] |
|
| NK cells | Glioblastomas | Neural stem cells derived from tumor specimens were prone to attack by lysis mediated by both autologous IL-2 (or IL-15) activated NK cells but resisted freshly isolated NK cells | [95] |
| Pancreatic/Breast/Glioblastomas | CSCs isolated from an array of human cancer cell lines in vitro and dissociated primary cancer specimens ex vivo were preferentially targeted by allogenic activated human NK cells | [173] |
|
| mAb | Liver/Pancreatic | The growth of hepatic and pancreatic cancer cells was inhibited in vitro and in vivo and CD133 high CSCs were targeted by CIK cells bound with anti-CD133/anti-CD3 bispecific antibodies | [137] |
| Melanoma | Human melanoma metastasis was inhibited and the survival of tumor-bearing animals was prolonged by anti-CD44 antibodies | [133] |
| Breast | Murine breast tumor growth was inhibited and apoptosis was induced by anti-CD44 antibodies | [134] |
|
| CSC-CAR T | Glioblastomas | Patient-derived GBM CSCs were annihilated in an orthotopic tumor model and in vitro by anti-CD133 CAR T cells | [112] |
| Prostate | Significant antitumor efficacy was exhibited by EpCAM-specific CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo systems | [113] |
|
