The Dual Role of the Liver in Nanomedicine as an Actor in the Elimination of Nanostructures or a Therapeutic Target

Table 1

The reported clinical trials investigating the use of nanostructures whose endpoint is the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Clinical trial name	Phase	NP type	NP target	Trial number
OPTIMA	III	Heat-sensitive liposome, doxorubicin loaded	Non-active targeting	NCT02112656
ADI-PEG 20	III	Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated with arginine deaminase (ADI) enzyme	Depletion of arginine	NCT01287585
Livatag study	III	Formulation of doxorubicin with water insoluble poly(iso-hexyl-cyanoacrylate) polymer	Non active targeting	NCT01655693
TKM-080301 study	I/II	Short-interference RNA (siRNA) within a lipid particle	Downregulation of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) protein	NCT02191878
NBTXR3 study	II/III	Hafnium oxide NPs developed to increase the tumor-localized high energy deposit once activated by ionizing radiation such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and thus increasing tumor cell death compared to the same dose of radiation	Non-active targeting	NCT02379845; NCT01946867; NCT02901483.
DCR-MYC study	I	Double-stranded RNA in a stable lipid particle suspension	Downregulation of oncogene c-myc	NCT02314052
MRX34 study	I	Double stranded RNA which mimics microRNA-34a (miR-34a) within liposomal NPs	Downregulation of miR-34a targets	NCT01829971
MTL-CEBPA study	I	Short activating RNAs (saRNA) within liposomal NPs	Downregulation of CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene	NCT02716012

NCT, number of clinical trials.