The Value of Alkaline Phosphatase-to-Albumin Ratio in Detecting Synchronous Metastases and Predicting Postoperative Relapses among Patients with Well-Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

Table 2

Risk factor analysis for synchronous distant metastasis in pNEN patients.

Characteristics	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Gender (male vs. female)	0.974 (0.357–2.658)	0.959
Age (>56 vs. ≤56 years)	0.094 (0.012–0.729)	0.024	0.045 (0.005–0.416)	0.006
Nonfunctioning (yes vs. no)	1.037 (0.318–3.384)	0.952
Location (body-tail vs. head-neck)	5.369 (1.186–24.316)	0.029	11.214 (2.061–61.026)	0.005
Diameter (>3.6 vs. ≤3.6 cm)	4.010 (1.401–11.480)	0.010	—	NS
No. of primary lesions (multiple vs. single)	1.304 (0.151–11.280)	0.810
Cystic component (yes vs. no)	0.372 (0.047–2.950)	0.349
Histological grade (G2 vs. G1)	14.222 (1.840–109.934)	0.011	15.414 (1.769–134.320)	0.013
ALB (>39 vs. ≤39 g/L)	0.292 (0.104–0.814)	0.019	—	NS
ALP (>90 vs. ≤90 U/L)	5.416 (1.738–16.873)	0.004	—	NS
APAR (>1.98 vs. ≤1.98)	5.022 (1.781–14.164)	0.002	8.127 (2.105–31.372)	0.002

PNEN, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; ALB, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; APAR, alkaline phosphatase-to-albumin ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant.