Transcriptional and Epigenetic Bioinformatic Analysis of Claudin-9 Regulation in Gastric Cancer

Table 2

STRING interactome.

Protein	Function	Type of interaction	Curated	References
EPCAM	The epithelial cell adhesion molecule’s precursor participates in migration, proliferation, and cellular differentiation. In cancer, it promotes tumor progression by the EGFR pathway.	Textmining	STRING	[33, 34]
CD81	The tetraspanin family is a cell-surface protein and plays an essential role in developing cellular growth and activating the B and T cells. It is expressed in most types of cancers.	Textmining	STRING	[35, 36]
PVRL3	Poliovirus receptor-related 3, also called Nectin-3, forms part of the adherens junctions. PVLR3 has been implicated in tumor progression in lung, pancreatic, and ovarian adenocarcinomas.	Textmining	STRING	[37–39]
VWF	Von Willebrand factor, its primary role is in thrombus formation and blood coagulation. VWF has been reported to participate in inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in various cancers, including gastric cancer.	Textmining	STRING	[40, 41]
F11R	Junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) plays a role in the epithelial tight junction formation. JAM-A has been reported to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in gastric cancer.	Textmining	STRING	[42, 43]
CDH5	Cadherin-5, this protein plays a role in endothelial adherens junction assembly and maintenance. In cancer, it has been reported to be involved in progression and metastasis. In gastric cancer, its expression correlates with poor survival.	Textmining	STRING	[44–46]
TJP1, TJP2, TJP3	Tight junction proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3 are closely related scaffolding proteins that link the tight junction (TJ) transmembrane proteins, such as claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and occludin to the actin cytoskeleton. Their expression is altered during tumor development, metastasis, and poor prognosis in several types of cancers.	Texmining	STRING	[47–52]
OCLN	Occludin may play a role in forming and regulating the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier. In gastric cancer, the downregulation of some occludins is associated with tumor aggressiveness and survival.	Texmining	STRING	[53, 54]
RUNX1	Runt-related transcription factor 1 is a transcription factor that modulates the target genes involved in the development of immune cells. In colorectal cancer, it promotes tumor metastasis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT.	Textmining	STRING	[55–57]
CBFB	Core-binding factor subunit beta, a non-DNA-binding regulatory subunit that allosterically enhances the sequence-specific DNA-binding capacity of RUNX—involved in hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. In breast cancer, it has been observed as a tumor suppressor.	Textmining	STRING	[58, 59]
HNF1A	Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcriptional activator that regulates the tissue-specific expression of multiple genes, especially in the pancreatic islet cells and the liver. Recently, it has been reported to facilitate gastric cancer tumor progression.	Textmining	STRING	[60, 61]
FXYD2	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma may form the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or modulating the sodium ATPase’s transport function. It may be involved in tumor growth.	Textmining	STRING	[62, 63]
CAPN9	Calpain-9 is involved in apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and cell motility. Calpain expression is altered during tumorigenesis and the proteolysis of numerous substrates, such as inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB and proto-oncogenes.	Texmining	STRING	[64–66]
MFHAS1	Malignant fibrous histiocytoma-amplified sequence 1 functions in innate immunity, more specifically, in the inflammatory response as a regulator of the Toll-like receptor TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. MFHAS1 promotes colorectal cancer progress by regulating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via the STAT6 signaling pathway	Textmining	STRING	[67, 68]
PPP1R3B	Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for phosphatase PP1 and promotes glycogen synthesis. In cancer, it has been used to treat a melanoma patient with an immunological focus.	Textmining	STRING	[69, 70]
ESAM	Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule’s in vitro functional profile strongly suggests a role in cell-cell interactions critical for vascular development or function.	Textmining	STRING	[71]