| | Study | Study period | Region | Study type | Men (%) | Tumor location (cm) | TNM stage | Radiation scheme | Radiation dose (Gy/times) | Concurrent chemotherapy | Time to surgery (weeks) | Surgical approach | AL diagnosis | Defunction stoma | No. of patientss |
| | Akgun et al. 2017 [33] | 2003–2016 | Turkey | PCS/single | 40.77 | 0–15 | II–III | CRT | 50.4/28 | a + b | 4–12 | Open | C | Yes | 336 | | Akiyoshi et al. 2009 [34] | 2005–2008 | Japan | RCS/single | 54.40 | 1–6 | II-III | CRT | 45/25 | a | 4–8 | Lap | NR | Yes | 125 | | Bhangu et al. 2010 [35] | 2006–2008 | UK | RCS/multi | 65.48 | NR | I-IV | CRT | 30 | a | 6 | Lap, Open | C | Yes | 84 | | Bosch et al. 2017 [36] | 1991–2010 | Netherlands | RCS/multi | 64.60 | NR | I-IV | SRT/RT/CRT | 25/5, 45–50/25–28 | a | NR | NR | NR | Yes | 145 | | Buie et al. 2005 [37] | 1994–2002 | Canada | RCS/single | 61.38 | 4–13 | I-III | CRT | 50.4/25 | a + b | 8 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 246 | | Cedermark et al. 1995 [38] | 1980–1987 | Swedish | PCS/multi | 58.42 | NR | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | NR | NR | 791 | | Chang et al. 2014 [39] | 2005–2012 | Korea | RCS/single | 66.39 | NR | I-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | a + b, e + f/c | 6–8 | Lap, Open, Rob | C ± I | Yes | 720 | | Cheung et al. 2008 [40] | 2000–2007 | China | RCS/single | 57.37 | 1–12 | I-IV | CRT | 50.4/28 | a + b | 4–6 | Lap | NR | Yes | 190 | | Creavin et al. 2019 [41] | 2005–2015 | Ireland | RCS/single | NR | NR | II–III | CRT | 50–54/25 | a | 10–12 | Lap, Open | C ± I | Yes | 502 | | Denost et al. 2012 [42] | 1999–2010 | France | RCS/single | 63.01 | 0–15 | I-IV | CRT | 45/25 | a + b | 6 | Lap | C | Yes | 422 | | Doeksen et al. 2007 [43] | 2000–2007 | Netherlands | RCS/single | 56.73 | NR | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | No | 1 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 104 | | Enker et al. 1999 [44] | 1987–1995 | USA | RCS/single | 59.32 | NR | I-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | a + b | 4–7 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 681 | | Fan et al. 2015 [45] | 2008–2012 | China | PCS/single | 58.15 | 0–10 | II-III | CRT | 46–50/23–25 | c + d | 6–10 | NR | NR | Yes | 184 | | Frouws et al. 2017 [46] | 2009–2013 | Netherlands | RCS/multi | 60.44 | NR | NR | SRT/CRT | 25/5, NR | NR | NR | Lap, Open | C | Yes | 4287 | | Fucini et al. 2010 [47] | 1997–2000 | Italy | RCS/single | 58.75 | 3.7–10.5 | II-III | CRT | 45/25 | a + b | 6–9 | NR | NR | NR | 80 | | Garlipp et al. 2010 [48] | 2005–2007 | Germany | RCS/multi | 57.65 | 0–12 | I-III | CRT | 50.4/25 | a | 6 | NR | C ± I ± E | Yes | 2085 | | Hassan et al. 2008 [22] | 1982–2001 | USA | RCS/single | 55.21 | 1–18 | I-IV | LRT | 45–53.5/26 | NR | 6–8 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 126 | | Kang et al. 2012 [49] | 1997–2008 | Korea | RCS/single | 53.19 | 1–10 | I-III | CRT | 50.4–54/28 | a + b | 6–8 | NR | NR | Yes | 94 | | Kao et al. 2010 [50] | 2000–2004 | China | RCS/single | 57.97 | 3.49–7.11 | II-III | CRT | 45–50.4/20–23 | | 6–8 | NR | NR | Yes | 136 | | Kim et al. 2010 [51] | 2000–2006 | Korea | RCS/single | 65.01 | NR | I-IV | CRT | 50/25 | a + b/c | 4–6 | NR | C | Yes | 703 | | Kim et al. 2018 [52] | 2008–2012 | Korea | RCS/single | 71.01 | 4.04–10.19 | I-III | CRT | 44/22 | A/c | 6–8 | Lap, Open, Rob | NR | NR | 79 | | Korkolis et al. 2006 [53] | 2000–2004 | Greece | RCS/single | 64.71 | 0–15 | II-III | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 85 | | Lim et al. 2010 [54] | 1994–2007 | China | RCS/single | 58.89 | 0–4 | I-IV | CRT | 45–50.4/25 | a | 4–6 | Lap, Open | C ± I | Yes | 180 | | Lyall et al. 2006 [55] | 2001–2006 | UK | RCS/single | 63.22 | NR | II-III | CRT | 45/25 | a + b | 6–8 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 87 | | Madbouly et al. 2015 [56] | 2009–2012 | Egypt | RCS/multi | 55.88 | NR | II-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | a + b | 8–11 | NR | NR | Yes | 96 | | Marijnen et al. 2002 [57] | 1996–1999 | Netherlands | PCS/multi | 64.36 | 0–15 | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 1414 | | Martel et al. 2008 [58] | 2000–2005 | Canada | RCS/single | 64.55 | NR | NR | CRT | 45/25 | A | 6–8 | Lap, Open | C ± I | Yes | 220 | | Milgrom et al. 2014 [59] | 2005–2010 | USA | RCS/single | 59.44 | NR | I-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | a/c | 4–8 | Lap, Open | NR | Yes | 461 | | MRCRCWP. 1996 [60] | 1981–1989 | UK | PCS/multimulti | 68.82 | 0–15 | I-IV | LRT | 40/20 | NR | 5–8 | NR | NR | Yes | 243 | | Navarro et al. 2007 [61] | 1993–2002 | Spain | RCS/single | 61.02 | 0–15 | II-III | CRT | 45/25 | a | 4–6 | NR | NR | Yes | 118 | | Nisar et al. 2012 [62] | 1980–2010 | USA | RCS/single | 65.20 | 5.64–11.98 | I-IV | LRT | 45/25 | NR | 4–6 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 1862 | | Pahlman et al. 1993 [63] | 1987–1990 | Sweden | PCS/multi | NR | NR | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | NR | NR | 1106 | | Parc et al. 2009 [64] | 2000–2004 | France | PCS/multi | 57.42 | NR | I-III | LRT/CRT | NR | NR | NR | NR | C ± I | Yes | 364 | | Park et al. 2011 [65] | 2004–2006 | Korea | PCS/single | 62.73 | 0–10 | I-IV | CRT | 50/25 | c | 4–6 | NR | NR | NR | 218 | | Park et al. 2016 [66] | 2009–2012 | Korea | RCS/single | 60.24 | 2.51–4.9 | II-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | A/c | 6–8 | NR | C ± I | Yes | 166 | | Rosati et al. 2007 [67] | 1997–2007 | Italy | RCS/single | 50.00 | 1–12 | II-IV | CRT | 45/28 | a | 6–8 | Lap | C | Yes | 46 | | Salmenkylä et al. 2012 [68] | 1995–2002 | Finland | PCS/multi | 62.23 | 0–15 | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | C ± E | Yes | 278 | | Sauer et al. 2004 [4] | 1995–2002 | Germany | PCS/multi | 68.59 | 0–15 | I-IV | CRT | 50.4/28 | a | 4–6 | NR | C ± I | NR | 799 | | Schiffmann et al. 2013 [69] | 2000–2009 | Germany | RCS/single | 66.04 | 0–16 | I-IV | CRT | 50.4–55.8/28 | e + a, d + a, e + c | NR | NR | NR | Yes | 212 | | Sebag-Montefiore et al. 2009 [6] | 1998–2005 | UK | PCS/multi | 72.67 | 0–15 | I-IV | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | NR | C | Yes | 1350 | | Shrikhande et al. 2012 [70] | 2003–2011 | Indian | RCS/single | 66.18 | 3–8 | NR | CRT | 50.4/28 | c | 4–6 | NR | NR | Yes | 68 | | Sorrentino et al. 2019 [71] | 2011–2017 | Italy | RCS/single | 59.52 | 0.7–7.9 | II-III | CRT | 54/25–27 | c | 8 | Open | NR | Yes | 84 | | Tabchouri et al. 2020 [72] | 2005–2015 | France | RCS/multi | 63.78 | 10–15 | II-III | CRT/SRT | 50/25, 25/5 | c | 7–8, 1 | Lap, Open | C ± I | Yes | 127 | | Trifunović et al. 2015 [73] | 2007–2012 | Serbia | RCS/single | 68.22 | 4–15 | I-III | SRT | 25/5 | NR | 1 | Open | NR | NR | 107 | | Tural et al. 2013 [74] | 2002–2011 | Turkey | RCS/single | 61.31 | 0–15 | II | CRT | 45–50.4/25–28 | a + b | 4–12 | NR | NR | NR | 137 | | Valenti et al. 2007 [75] | 1995–2004 | Spain | RCS/single | 67.40 | 0–16 | I-IV | CRT | 45–50.4/25 | a | 4–6 | NR | C | Yes | 273 | | Valero et al. 2003 [76] | 1995–1999 | Spain | RCS/single | NR | 0–12 | II-III | CRT | 45/25 | a + b | 4–6 | NR | NR | Yes | 103 | | Zhan et al. 2019 [77] | 2008–2010 | China | RCS/single | 59.78 | 0–10 | II-III | SRT/CRT | 30/15, 50/25 | c | 6–8, 1 | Open | C ± I | Yes | 1197 | | Zhang et al. 2017 [78] | 2008–2014 | China | RCS/single | 60.40 | 7.3–9.9 | II-III | CRT | 50.4/28 | c + d, a + b + d | 6–8 | Lap, Open | NR | Yes | 202 |
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Note: a: 5-fluorouracil, b: Leucovorin, c: capecitabine, d: oxaliplatin, e: Irinotecan, f: S-1, g: Tegafur-uracil; RCS: retrospective cohort study; PCS: prospective controlled study; single: single center; multi: multicenter; NR: not reported; SRT: short-course radiotherapy; LRT: long-course radiotherapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; Open: open surgery; Lap: laparoscopic surgery; Rob: robot-assisted surgery; C: clinical manifestation; I: imaging examination; E: endoscopy examination; AL: anastomotic leakage.
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