Effect of Heptaflourane Inhalation and Anesthesia Induction on Hemodynamics of Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery

Algorithm 1

Spark bumper whale optimization algorithm (SPWOA).

Whale population () and sa as search agent are initialized

Evaluate risk function

Search agent is randomly selected

While and

  for each sa

   ,and are updated

    if ()

     if

     Equation (5) is used to update the current sa location

     else if

     Equation (6) is used to update the position of the current sa

     end if

     else if ()

     Equation (7) is used to update the position of the current sa

    end if

  end for

 Check to see if any entities leave the sa, and if they do, alter it.

 Risk function is calculated

 Update if it is better

end while

return