|
| Type of approach | Type of cancer cell | Drug + Ligand | Feature | Ref |
|
| Transferrin receptor | A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells | DOX + R8 and transferrin | Flow cytometry exposed a 2-fold increase in intracellular DOX delivery in an ovarian xenograft model | [200] |
| Glioma cancer lines (LN229 and U87) | Pc 4 + transferrin peptide | Cellular uptake was higher than nontargeted conjugate. Transferrin-directed gold nanoparticles were promisingly efficient for delivery of Pc4 that is used in noninvasive imaging of brain tumor | [201] |
| OVCAR-3, MDA-MB231, and MDA-MB231 (R) cell lines | Dox + transferrin | Both in vitro cell lines had shrunk cellular migration and reformed the cell cycle, while the tumor-bearing mice showed amplified delivery of doxorubicin precisely to the tumor microenvironment | [202] |
| Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells | Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) + transferrin (TF) | Extensive cytotoxicity as well as a decline in tumor development in tumor-bearing mice compared to nonligand targeted delivery | [203] |
| Lung cancer cells (A549) | Cisplatin + cytochrome c | Confocal microscopy showed retention of cytochrome c via overexpressed transferrin. In vitro study indicated cell death through the triggering of the caspase-3 enzyme. This neo conjugate did not harm healthy lung cells, which sustained an IC50 value of 50 μM observed in cisplatin + cytochrome c conjugate | [204] |
|
| CDD4 receptor | Head and neck cancers, breast cancers, and liver cancers | Paclitaxel + hyaluronic acid | Enhanced cellular retention in breast cancer in comparison with macromolecule and liver cell high tumor growth reduction compared with nanoparticle | [205] |
|
| Folate receptor | KB cells | Dox + folic acid | Elevated cargo accumulation | [206] |
| Ovarian cancer | Dox + folate | Cell line analysis exhibited 10.33-fold decreased IC50 in A2780 and in OVCAR3 cell 3.93 times lower than untargeted nanoparticles | [207] |
| Hela cells | Dox + folate | Higher cellular uptake | [208] |
|
| EGFR receptor | SK-OV-3 tumor xenografts | siRNA and doxorubicin + EGFR antibody conjugated immunonanoparticles | Enhanced siRNA released to EGFR expressing cell after significant cell binding | [209] |
|
| Interleukin-6 receptor | Human glioma U87 cells | pDNA + I6P7 peptide | Demonstrated unique gene expression in glioma cells U-87 of humans with deeper penetration. IV administration resulted in enhanced survival time in mice with orthotopic glioma U-87 | [210] |
|
| Integrins avβ3 and β5 receptor | Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) | Cilengitide + poloxamer 188-attached heparin copolymer | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick end labelling assay of tumor samples and Western blot and electron microscopy showed prominent apoptosis | [95] |
|
| Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) | HER2 positive and multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell line (BT474/MDR) | Bevacizumab and doxorubicin + antibody | Elevated concentration of doxorubicin to the nucleus as well as steady reduction in tumor size throughout 60 days | [211] |
|
| TNF receptor | HCT 116, DOX resistant MCF-7, and CAPAN-1 | Dox + TNF-relatedapoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) | Inhibition of proliferation of multiple tumor cells through cytotoxicity and apoptosis | [212] |
|
| Lectin | | (DOX, chloroquine phosphate, lamivudine, triphosphate, and efavirenz) + sugar moieties | Exhibited promising outcomes in targeted drug delivery | [213–215] |
|
