Dramatic progress and tremendous success have been made in current cancer treatment due to the past seven decades, especially the last 20 years of innovation in theory and technology. Currently, various therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, as well as cutting-edge gene therapy, and the combination of the above, are available for different stages of cancer patients, resulting in significant improvement in cancer treatment.

However, many challenges remain to be tackled. The first challenge is that, despite the rapid progression of cancer therapy, there are still few effective ways to treat certain types of cancers, including the deadliest mesothelioma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and late-stage cancers regardless of the type. The second one is cancer recurrence, such as local, regional, and distant recurrence, that may occur due to either uncompleted elimination of cancer tissues/cells or the spread of the original cancer cells. Recurrent cancers usually evolve to be resistant to the former treatment. The third one is cancer multidrug resistance (MDR), which refers a phenomenon that cancer cells become resistant to multiple chemotherapeutics with different mechanisms or structures. Once MDR is forged, unfortunately, extremely limited effective therapies will be available.

Therefore, this Special Issue attempts to collect the most recent progress made by multidisciplinary researchers in tackling the key challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Original research and review articles that focus on, but not limited to, the following topics are welcome to submit.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Novel diagnostic technologies
• Novel treatment modalities, particularly gene therapy
• Novel biomarkers for early diagnosis
• Predictive biomarkers of efficiency of therapy
• New drug screening for the treatment of incurable cancers
• Novel agents in treating recurrence/refractory cancer
• Pharmacological/preclinical study of drug candidates
• Mechanistic studies on cancer initiation and progression
• Mechanistic study of drug resistance in cancer
• New strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance