Lifestyle Intervention Improves Heart Rate Recovery from Exercise in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Look AHEAD Study

Table 3

HRR according to treatment, select variables, weight loss, fitness gain, and combined effects of weight loss/fitness gain.

(a) Influence of treatment upon HRR at Year 1

Variable	Subgroup	𝑁	Mean ± SD	𝑃 value
Treatment	Diabetes support and education	1665	37.92±12.42	<.0001
	Weight loss intervention	1706	41.59±12.41

(b) Influence of select variables upon HRR at Year 1

Variable	Subgroup	𝑁	Mean ± SD	𝑃 value
Age	45–55	1239	42.26±12.47	<.0001
	56–65	1723	39.15±12.21
	66–76	409	34.88±12.45
Gender	Male	1310	39.26±12.17	0.0540
	Female	2061	40.11±12.77
Diabetes severity	No diabetic meds, no insulin	435	42.36±12.68	<.0001
	Diabetic meds only	2290	39.73±12.43
	Insulin only	128	37.54±12.74
	Insulin and diabetic meds	469	38.17±12.52
History of CVD	No	3124	39.92±12.60	0.0160
	Yes	247	37.93±11.75
Hypertension	No	729	42.72±12.53	<0.0001
	Yes	2642	38.97±12.43
Waist circumference group (adjusted for gender)	1	676	41.71±12.72	0.0062
	2	695	40.01±12.24
	3	799	39.61±12.56
	4	516	38.51±12.13
	5	681	38.73±12.76

(c) Influence of weight losses and fitness gains upon HRR at Year 1

Variable	Subgroup	𝑁	Mean ± SD	𝑃 value
Weight group	Weight gain (1)*	839	37.69±12.48	<.0001
	4.9% weight loss to 0% weight gain (2)	1154	38.36±11.88
	5% weight loss to 9.9% weight loss (3)	706	40.21±12.28
	10% weight loss and greater (4)	741	43.92±12.88
Fitness group	Fitness loss (5)	764	38.98±12.82	0.0001
	0% to 7.49% fitness gain (6)	781	39.96±12.48
	7.5% fitness gain to 14.9% fitness gain (7)	526	40.25±12.06
	15% fitness gain and greater (8)	1284	40.78±12.49
Combined weight and fitness group*	Low success	818	38.11±12.57	<0.0001
	Moderate low success	537	38.68±12.60
	Moderate success	595	38.62±11.71
	Moderate high success	925	40.61±12.31
	High success	480	44.29±12.72

*Groupings: The five combined weight and fitness groups were determined by combining the four weight groups with the 4 fitness groups, based upon relatives success in both weight loss and fitness gain. Low success (1 and 5; 2 and 5; 1 and 6); moderate low success (3 and 5; 1 and 7; 2 and 6); moderate success (3 and 6; 2 and 7; 4 and 5; 1 and 8); moderate high success (2 and 8; 4 and 6; 4 and 7; 3 and 6; 3 and 8); high success (4 and 8).