Maternal and Early Childhood Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income Predominantly Black Children at Age Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 3

Multivariable model showing adjusted risk ratio for maternal and early childhood determinants of obesity (≥95th percentile) at the age of 5 in Alabama 𝑛=678^∗.

Variables	Adjusted RR* (95% CI)	𝑃
Maternal prepregnancy BMI
Normal and low (<24.9)	1.00
Overweight (25–29.9)	2.3 (1.29–4.11)	0.005
Obese (>30)	2.53 (1.49–4.31)	<0.001
Birth weight (Kg)^†
≤85th percentile	1.00
>85th percentile	2.04 (1.13–3.68)	0.018
Number of children at home
≤2 (<median)	1.64 (1.01–2.64)	0.043
>2 (≥median)	1.00
Sex
Male	1.00
Female	1.67 (1.05–2.66)	0.031
Smoking during 1st trimester^‡
0 cigarette	1.00
1–12 cigarette (61–85th percentile)	1.42 (0.88–2.3)	0.152
≥13 cigarette (>85th percentile)	0.53 (0.22–1.27)	0.154

CI: confidence interval.
*Adjusted risk ratio computed using poisson regression model with robust variance estimation.
^†Based on gestational age and race specific birth weight percentiles for US population.
^‡Cigarettes smoked per day.