Clinical Study
Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Fatness with Metabolic Syndrome in Rural Women with Prehypertension
Table 1
Characteristics of rural women with prehypertension according to the presence of metabolic syndrome.
| | Variable | Total sample | No metabolic syndrome | Metabolic syndrome | | | | | P | | n | (% yes) | n | (% yes) | n | (% yes) | |
| | White | 283 | 97.9% | 197 | 99.0% | 86 | 95.6% | NS | | Rural residency | | | | | | | NS | | On farm/ranch or in country | 82 | 28.4% | 56 | 28.1% | 26 | 28.9% | | | In town <2,500 | 38 | 13.1% | 27 | 13.6% | 11 | 12.2% | | | In town 2,500–19,999 | 31 | 10.7% | 23 | 11.6% | 8 | 8.9% | | | In town 20,000–49,999 | 114 | 39.4% | 79 | 39.7% | 35 | 38.9% | | | In town ≥50,000 | 24 | 8.3% | 14 | 7.0% | 10 | 11.1% | | | Education | | | | | | | NS | | High school or lower | 52 | 18.0% | 29 | 14.6% | 23 | 25.6% | | | Some college | 119 | 41.2% | 87 | 43.7% | 32 | 35.6% | | | College grad or above | 118 | 40.8% | 83 | 41.7% | 35 | 38.9% | | | Employment | | | | | | | NS | | Full time | 175 | 60.6% | 126 | 63.3% | 49 | 54.4% | | | Part time | 53 | 18.3% | 33 | 16.6% | 20 | 22.2% | | | Household income | | | | | | | NS | | <$20,000 | 20 | 6.9% | 12 | 6.0% | 8 | 8.9% | | | $20,000 to $39,999 | 62 | 21.5% | 37 | 18.6% | 25 | 27.8% | | | $40,000 to $59,999 | 79 | 27.3% | 55 | 27.6% | 24 | 26.7% | | | $60,000 or higher | 127 | 43.9% | 94 | 47.2% | 33 | 36.7% | | | Smoke cigarettes | 16 | 5.5% | 11 | 5.5% | 5 | 5.6% | NS | | General health categorized | | | | | | | 0.037 | | Very good | 41 | 14.2% | 31 | 15.6% | 10 | 11.1% | | | Good | 132 | 45.7% | 98 | 49.2% | 34 | 37.8% | | | Very poor to fair | 116 | 40.1% | 70 | 35.2% | 46 | 51.1% | | | Estimated max (mL/kg/min) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | ≤25 | 190 | 65.7% | 112 | 56.3% | 78 | 86.7% | | | >25 | 99 | 34.3% | 87 | 43.7% | 12 | 13.3% | | | NIH-based BMI category (kg/m2) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | Normal (<25) | 53 | 18.3% | 53 | 26.6% | 0 | 0.0% | | | Overweight (25–29.9) | 109 | 37.7% | 82 | 41.2% | 27 | 30.0% | | | Obese (≥30) | 127 | 43.9% | 64 | 32.2% | 63 | 70.0% | | | Revised BMI category (kg/m2)* | | | | | | | <0.001 | | Normal (<25) | 53 | 18.3% | 53 | 26.6% | 0 | 0.0% | | | Obese (≥25) | 236 | 81.7% | 146 | 73.5% | 90 | 100.0% | | | Body fat (%) | | | | | | | 0.006 | | <30 | 16 | 5.5% | 16 | 8.0% | 0 | 0.0% | | | ≥30 | 273 | 94.5% | 183 | 92.0% | 90 | 100.0% | | | Metabolic syndrome criteria | | | | | | | | | Waist circumference (cm) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | ≤88 | 67 | 23.2% | 70 | 35.2% | 1 | 1.1% | | | >88 | 222 | 76.8% | 129 | 64.8% | 89 | 98.9% | | | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | <150 | 207 | 71.6% | 181 | 91.0% | 26 | 28.9% | | | ≥150 | 82 | 28.4% | 18 | 9.0% | 64 | 71.1% | | | HDL (mg/dL) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | ≥50 | 198 | 68.5% | 177 | 88.9% | 21 | 23.3% | | | <50 | 91 | 31.5% | 22 | 11.1% | 69 | 76.7% | | | Blood pressure (mmHg) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | <130/85 | 163 | 56.4% | 135 | 67.8% | 28 | 31.1% | | | ≥130/85 | 126 | 43.6% | 64 | 32.2% | 62 | 68.9% | | | Glucose (mg/dL) | | | | | | | <0.001 | | <100 | 251 | 86.9% | 190 | 95.5% | 61 | 67.8% | | | ≥100 | 38 | 13.1% | 9 | 4.5% | 29 | 32.2% | |
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P values are from test. Significance level P ≤ 0.05.
*Revised BMI categories are based upon the work of Blew and colleagues [29].
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