Physical Activity and Screen Time in Metabolically Healthy Obese Phenotypes in Adolescents and Adults

Table 1

Demographic and cardiometabolic characteristics* of metabolically healthy obese (MHO)⁺ and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotypes in adolescents and adults.

	Adolescents 12–18 years (𝑛=225)			Adults 19–44 years (𝑛=270)			Adults 45–85 years (𝑛=271)
	MHO	MUO	P value	MHO	MUO	P value	MHO	MUO	P value
𝑛 (% of age group)	163 (68)	62 (32)		152 (54)	118 (45)		64 (24)	207 (76)
Demographic and cardiometabolic variables
Age (yrs)	14.6±0.2	15.1±0.5	0.32	30.8±0.6	34.8±0.8	<0.0001	55.2±1.1	56.6±0.8	0.26
Male 𝑛 (%)	67 (42)	40 (69)	0.006	63 (43)	66 (59)	0.05	38 (64)	100 (46)	0.11
Ethnicity 𝑛 (%)
Non-Hispanic white	35 (58)	19 (67)	0.15	50 (57)	48 (67)	0.22	36 (79)	126 (84)	0.61
Non-Hispanic black	66 (20)	11 (7)		55 (21)	33 (14)		15 (11)	41 (8)
Hispanic	50 (12)	29 (16)		33 (10)	24 (8)		9 (4)	34 (4)
Others	12 (10)	3 (9)		14 (12)	13 (12)		4 (7)	6 (4)
Menopause 𝑛 (% women)	N/A	N/A		4 (7)	6 (10)	0.54	26 (60)	84 (78)	0.08
BMI (kg/m^2)	32.2±0.4	32.5±0.9	0.79	34.6±0.4	36.6±0.5	0.004	34.5±0.5	35.0±0.5	0.44
BMI 𝑧-score	2.1±0.03	2.1±0.05	0.33	N/A			N/A
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^∧	92.7±4.1	168.1±13.4	<0.0001	107.5±4.3	201.5±11.7	<0.0001	105.1±8.2	187.1±10.4	<0.0001
HDL C (mg/dL)	49.6±1.1	36.5±0.8	<0.0001	51.5±1.0	42.3±1.1	<0.0001	59.2±1.6	49.0±1.1	<0.0001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	111.9±1.0	119.0±2.1	0.007	116.6±0.9	123.4±1.3	0.0003	121.2±1.2	130.0±1.2	<0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	60.4±1.0	61.9±2.0	0.5	69.9±1.1	77.0±1.0	<0.0001	72.8±1.4	73.4±0.9	0.51
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	92.1±0.7	100.3±2.4	0.002	93.4±0.6	102.7±0.9	<0.0001	93.5±1.2	107.5±1.2	<0.0001

∗Mean ± SE or 𝑛 (%).
+Obesity among adolescents defined by age/sex-specific BMI >95% percentile [31]; obesity among adults defined by BMI ≥30.0 kg/m²; MHO: 0, 1 abnormal cardiometabolic risk factor; MUO: ≥2 abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors.
∧Log transformed for t-test analysis.
NA: not applicable.