Lifestyle Intervention Involving Calorie Restriction with or without Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Liver Fat in Adults with Visceral Adiposity
Table 1
Changes in diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise on anthropometric parameter, dietary intake, cardiorespiratory fitness, and step counts.
CR ()
CR + Ex ()
value
Before
After
Before
After
valu
group × time
Av ± SEM
Av ± SEM
Av ± SEM
Av ± SEM
interaction
Age (yrs)
52 ± 2
61 ± 2
<0.001
—
Anthropometric parameter
Height (cm)
158.2 ± 7.3
158.4 ± 7.5
158.3 ± 6.3
158.3 ± 6.2
0.958
0.354
Weight (kg)
71.3 ± 3.2
65.9 ± 2.7***
68.6 ± 3.0
63.6 ± 2.8***
0.557
0.786
Body mass index (kg/m2)
28.4 ± 1.0
26.2 ± 0.9***
27.3 ± 1.1
25.3 ± 1.0***
0.481
0.740
Percent body fat (%)
35.6 ± 1.8
31.3 ± 1.8***
35.5 ± 1.5
31.6 ± 1.5***
0.975
0.707
Body fat mass (kg)
25.9 ± 2.0
21.0 ± 1.6***
24.6 ± 1.6
20.2 ± 1.4***
0.617
0.635
Lean body mass (kg)
46.1 ± 2.0
45.6 ± 2.0
44.4 ± 2.2
43.4 ± 2.0*
0.556
0.537
Visceral fat area (cm2)
164 ± 10
139 ± 10***
165 ± 10
127 ± 10***
0.953
0.075
Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)
321 ± 28
282 ± 25***
287 ± 21
250 ± 22***
0.364
0.900
Liver-to-spleen ratio (HU/HU)
1.11 ± 0.09
1.23 ± 0.05*
1.15 ± 0.05
1.28 ± 0.03**
0.681
0.984
Dietary intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)†
1820 ± 89
1429 ± 76***
2051 ± 83
1704 ± 75***
0.068
0.658
Protein (g/day)†
70.8 ± 4.8
57.9 ± 2.4**
82.7 ± 3.9
71.3 ± 4.6**
0.069
0.759
Fat (g/day)†
51.4 ± 3.1
39.3 ± 3.3**
64.0 ± 3.7
48.6 ± 2.9**
0.014
0.550
Carbohydrate (g/day)†
260.5 ± 11.8
207.6 ± 12.2***
279.3 ± 12.4
241.8 ± 10.3**
0.279
0.273
Cardiorespiratory fitness and step counts
VO2peak/kg (mL/min/kg weight)††
23.0 ± 1.0
24.1 ± 2.2
20.7 ± 1.2
23.8 ± 1.3*
0.139
0.444
Watts at lactate threshold (watts) †††
53 ± 4
53 ± 4
49 ± 4
58 ± 3*
0.432
0.053
Step counts (counts/day)††††
6458 ± 654
7578 ± 763
7124 ± 849
9412 ± 905**
0.536
0.257
CR: calorie restriction-induced weight loss; CR + Ex: calorie restriction-induced weight loss with aerobic exercise. Before versus after; *, **, and ***. value for baseline characteristics (CR group versus CR + Ex group). †CR (); ††CR + Ex (); †††CR (); ††††CR (); CR + Ex ().
