Clinical Study
Lifestyle Intervention Involving Calorie Restriction with or without Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Liver Fat in Adults with Visceral Adiposity
Table 2
Changes in diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise on blood pressure and metabolic parameters.
| | | CR () | CR + Ex () | | value | | | Before | After | Before | After | value | group × time | | | Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | | interaction |
| | Blood pressure | | | | | | | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 136 ± 5 | 124 ± 4** | 130 ± 3 | 123 ± 4 | 0.350 | 0.368 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 85 ± 3 | 78 ± 3* | 81 ± 2 | 77 ± 3 | 0.287 | 0.398 | | Metabolic parameter | | | | | | | | Glucose (mg/dL) | 99 ± 2 | 95 ± 2* | 104 ± 4 | 99 ± 2 | 0.179 | 0.678 | | Insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.5* | 9.6 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 0.9** | 0.371 | 0.198 | | HOMA-IR | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.5* | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9** | | 0.151 | | OGTT120min-Glucose (mg/dL) | 140 ± 7 | 129 ± 6 | 165 ± 17 | 145 ± 12 | 0.142 | 0.494 | | Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1** | 0.019 | 0.029 | | HDL (mg/dL) | 51 ± 3 | 49 ± 2 | 49 ± 2 | 54 ± 2** | 0.601 | 0.004 | | Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 140 ± 10 | 129 ± 8 | 126 ± 10 | 115 ± 8 | 0.352 | 0.977 | | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 145 ± 17 | 119 ± 17 | 128 ± 13 | 84 ± 6** | 0.463 | 0.311 | | Free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 303 ± 61 | 276 ± 55 | 269 ± 60 | 237 ± 53 | 0.701 | 0.905 | | Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 227 ± 12 | 208 ± 10* | 207 ± 12 | 194 ± 9 | 0.263 | 0.509 | | Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)†† | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.696 | 0.625 | | TNF-α (pg/mL)† | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 0.130 | 0.027 | | Leptin (ng/mL) | 14.6 ± 1.9 | 10.3 ± 1.8*** | 11.4 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.8*** | 0.205 | 0.541 | | High-sensitive CRP (ng/mL)# | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1*** | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1** | 0.864 | 0.537 | | HMW adiponectin (μg/mL) | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7* | 0.861 | 0.186 | | PAI-1 (ng/mL)††† | 29.5 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 4.1 | 32.8 ± 5.2 | 17.8 ± 2.1** | 0.571 | 0.101 |
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CR: calorie restriction-induced weight loss; CR + Ex: calorie restriction-induced weight loss with aerobic exercise; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; hsCRP: high-sensitive CRP; HMW: high-molecular-weight; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Before versus after; *, **, and ***.
value for baseline characteristics (CR group versus CR + Ex group).
#High-sensitive CRP was logarithmically transformed to approximate a normal distribution.
†CR (), ††CR (); †††CR (), CR + Ex ().
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