Alterations in Metabolic Profile Occur in Normal-Weight and Obese Men during the Ramadan Fast Despite No Changes in Anthropometry
Table 1
Variations in anthropometry, energy expenditure, and Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire variables across time, and between BMI status groups.
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
Repeated-measures ANOVA
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Time effect
Group effect
Time * group interaction
Body weight (kg)
Normal-weight
72.8
9.2
72.2
9.4
71.8
9.4
72.1
9.6
72.9
10.5
Obese
107.9
15.7
106.0
15.1
105.3
15.4
105.0
15.1
105.7
14.8
Waist circumference (cm)
Normal-weight
82.6
6.3
82.3
7.2
83.3
7.8
82.6
7.6
84.8
8.4
Obese
113.3
10.8
110.7
11.1
111.9
11.2
110.4
12.2
110.8
11.6
Fat mass (kg)
Normal-weight
17.6
4.2
17.7
4.6
17.6
4.5
17.4
4.9
18.1
5.4
Obese
39.1
10.3
39.2
10.4
37.7
9.6
37.8
9.7
36.9
9.1
Fat-free mass (kg)
Normal-weight
55.1
5.9
54.3
5.7
54.1
5.8
54.6
5.7
54.0
6.5
Obese
68.2
9.4
66.3
9.2
67.1
9.5
67.0
8.6
68.6
10.0
REE (kcal)
Normal-weight
1605
197
NA
NA
NA
NA
1559
244
1592
260
Obese
2132
389
NA
NA
NA
NA
2076
336
2143
317
TEF (kcal)
Normal-weight
41
13
NA
NA
NA
NA
44
17
44
16
Obese
43
16
NA
NA
NA
NA
44
17
45
19
PAEE (kcal)
Normal-weight
796
195
796
186
NA
NA
777
182
794
227
Obese
1015
444
945
310
NA
NA
1015
362
984
367
Total EE (kcal)
Normal-weight
2442
320
NA
NA
NA
NA
2380
363
2431
443
Obese
3190
714
NA
NA
NA
NA
3135
511
3172
513
Dietary restraint score
Normal-weight
9
3
NA
NA
12
3
NA
NA
9
2
Obese
8
4
NA
NA
9
4
NA
NA
8
4
Disinhibition eating behavior trait score
Normal-weight
6
2
NA
NA
5
2
NA
NA
6
2
Obese
6
2
NA
NA
7
3
NA
NA
6
3
Feelings of hunger score
Normal-weight
7
3
NA
NA
7
2
NA
NA
6
2
Obese
6
2
NA
NA
7
3
NA
NA
6
3
Session 1: baseline/before the onset of Ramadan. Session 2: 2 weeks into the Ramadan fast. Session 3: 1 week before the end of the Ramadan fast. Session 4: 3-4 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast. Session 5: 16–20 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast. Note: SD: standard deviation; kg: kilogram; cm: centimeter; REE: resting energy expenditure; kcal: kilocalorie; TEF: thermic effect of food; PAEE: physical activity energy expenditure; EE: energy expenditure. NA signifies that this measurement was not taken during this session.
