Abdominal Adiposity Distribution in Diabetic/Prediabetic and Nondiabetic Populations: A Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Characteristics and moderators of studies included in the meta-analysis investigating subcutaneous adiposity distribution among diabetic/prediabetic versus nondiabetic populations.

First author (reference)	Year	Type of health condition		Sample size (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Proportion of men, % (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Mean age, years (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Mean BMI, kg/m^2 (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Adiposity assessment (method)	Characteristics of participants	Effect size (95% confidence interval)
		Diabetic/prediabetic	Nondiabetic
Karampinos [72]	2012	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	35/29	0/0	61.9/62.5	25.8/26.9	MRI^b	Postmenopausal women	−1.10; (−1.62, −0.57)
Gaborit [33]	2012	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	17/13	—^a	37/48	41.9/41.9	MRI	Obese	−1.29; (−2.08, −0.50)
Baum [34]	2012	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	13/13	0/0	57/59	27.4/26.8	CT^c	Postmenopausal women	−0.04; (−0.81, 0.73)
Hoyer [35]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	386/103	51/54	51.2/57.9	23.8/25.3	CT	Japanese-American (Japanese ancestry)	0.26; (0.04, 0.48)
Hanley [36]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	1014/82	39/39	40.6, 51.1	28.4/33.3	CT	Hispanic and African American	0.54; (0.31, 0.77)
Bozzetto [37]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	10/13	100/100	47/53	34.2/33.2	MRI	Obese men	−0.82; (−1.68, 0.04)
Kim [38]	2010	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	21/38	100/100	28.6/29.2	24.8/26.8	CT	Young men	−0.15; (−0.68, 0.38)
Goel [39]	2010	Nondiabetes with metabolic syndrome (impaired fasting glucose)	Nondiabetes without metabolic syndrome	65/35	60/37	29.1/36.1	21.5/27.5	MRI	Asian Indians	1.54; (1.08, 2.00)
Shin [41]	2009	Insulin resistance (impaired fasting glucose)	Noninsulin resistant	49/45	35/62	46/48.7	23.1/25.1	CT	Koreans	0.21; (−0.19, 0.62)
Kanda [43]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nonmetabolic syndrome	147/111	100/100	63.6/58.1	21.3/27.3	CT	Japanese men	1.36; (1.09, 1.63)
Kanda [43]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nonmetabolic syndrome	94/67	0/0	61.2/60.4	22.6/27.2	CT	Japanese women	0.97; (0.64, 1.30)
Azuma [45]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	35/67	43/42	55/60	32.9/34.0	CT	Elderly	−0.05; (−0.46, 0.36)
Suwa [46]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	7/24	0/0	47.6/51	24.1/26.1	CT	Japanese women	0.07; (−0.77, 0.91)
Kuk [47]	2006	Metabolic syndrome (impaired fasting glucose)	Nonmetabolic syndrome	71/14	100/100	50.3/54.4	26.3/30.7	CT	Caucasian men	1.00; (0.41, 1.60)
Kanaya [48]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	2213/143	47/48	74/73	26.7/29.8	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American	1.28; (1.11, 1.45)
Iwasaki [49]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	108/140	48/46	54.1/61.1	26.1/25.1	CT	Japanese	−0.14; (−0.39, 0.12)
Dubé [73]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	18/18	50/50	56.1/58.3	33.4/33.7	CT	Adults	−0.12; (−0.77, 0.53)
Virtanen [50]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	10/19	100/100	37/58	30.9/29.5	MRI	Obese men	−0.86; (−1.66, −0.07)
Virtanen [50]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	20/12	100/100	37/58	24.5/25.5	MRI	Nonobese men	0.17; (−0.55, 0.89)
Diamant [52]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	16/16	75/75	54/54	24.4/25.9	MRI	Men and postmenopausal women	0.51; (−0.19, 1.21)
Kanaya [53]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL	Nondiabetes (normal glucose tolerance)	298/298	100/100	73.5/73.7^d	26.7/28.5	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American men	0.26; (0.10, 0.42)
Kanaya [53]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL	Nondiabetes (normal glucose tolerance)	221/221	0/0	73.5/73.7^d	27.5/30.8	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American women	0.31; (0.13, 0.50)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose <9 mM	Nondiabetes	8/7	—	49/53	31.6/34.3	MRI	Obese Caucasians and Mexican-American	3.20; (1.67, 4.73)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose <9 mM	Nondiabetes	8/9	—	41/56	24.4/26.8	MRI	Nonobese Caucasians and Mexican-American	1.73; (0.61, 2.85)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose >9 mM	Nondiabetes	21/14	—	49/54	31.6/33.9	MRI	Obese Caucasians and Mexican-American	2.99; (2.20, 3.97)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose >9 mM	Nondiabetes	21/14	—	41/52	24.4/26.5	MRI	Nonobese Caucasians and Mexican-American	1.92; (1.10, 2.73)
Anjana [55]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	82/82	46/46	45/45	24.0/26.1	CT	Asian Indians	0.20; (−0.11, 0.50)
Ryan [56]	2003	Prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance)	Nondiabetes	100/17	100/100	46.5/56.1	26.5/34.0	CT	Caucasian and African American women	0.87; (0.34, 1.39)
Kelley [57]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	15/83	—	45.7/51.5	33.7/34.0	CT	Obese	−0.50; (−0.05, 0.06)
Katsuki [58]	2003	Metabolically obese, normal weight individuals with normal glucose tolerance	Nondiabetes	20/20	95/95	33.1/34.3	21.0/23.5	CT	Japanese	1.09; (0.43, 1.76)
Hayashi [59]	2003	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	71/57	52/54	39.9/39.1	23.2/23.7	CT	Japanese-American (3rd generation)	0.46; (0.11, 0.82)
Goodpaster [60]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Normal glucose tolerance	815/397	100/100	73.7/73.9	26.5/28.1	CT	Elderly men	0.27; (0.15, 0.39)
Goodpaster [60]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Normal glucose tolerance	823/329	0/0	73.4/73.5	26.7/30.0	CT	Elderly women	0.39; (0.26, 0.52)
Summers [61]	2002	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	6/6	50/50	55/56	24/29	MRI	Adults	−0.16; (−1.29, 0.98)
Hernández-Ono [62]	2002	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	39/9	0/0	55.7/56.2	27.6/27.5	CT	Postmenopausal women	0.23; (−0.50, 0.95)
Boyko [64]	2000	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	211/65	50/62	61.1/63.3	24.1/24.9	CT	Japanese-American (2nd generation)	−0.04; (−0.32, 0.24)
Boyko [64]	2000	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	192/13	51/77	40.0/43.1	23.7/27.7	CT	Japanese-American (3rd generation)	0.71; (0.14, 1.28)
Nam [65]	1999	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	12/12	100/100	41.6/45.0	—	CT	Obese men	−0.16; (−0.96, 0.64)
Dvorak [67]	1999	Metabolically obese, normal weight (impaired insulin sensitivity)	Nondiabetes	58/13	0/0	28/29	21.5/22.5	CT	Young normal weight women	0.70; (0.08, 1.31)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin sensitivity	Nondiabetes	5/5	100/100	40.1/41.3^d	25.0/24.6^d	CT	Adult men	0.46; (−0.80, 1.71)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin sensitivity	Nondiabetes	9/15	0/0	40.1/41.3^d	25.0/24.6^d	CT	Adult women	−0.17; (−1.00, 0.65)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance	Nondiabetes	5/7	100/100	40.1/40.5^d	25.0/28.8^d	CT	Adult men	1.05; (−0.17, 2.27)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance	Nondiabetes	9/11	0/0	40.1/40.5^d	25.0/28.8^d	CT	Adult women	0.61; (−0.29, 1.52)
Fujimoto [69]	1994	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	93/22	100/100	39.6/40.2	24.5/26.8	CT	Japanese-American men (3rd generation)	0.67; (0.20, 1.14)
Fujimoto [69]	1994	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	79/36	0/0	40.8/39.8	22.5/23.3	CT	Japanese-American women (3rd generation)	0.27; (−0.12, 0.67)
Lemieux [70]	1992	Altered insulin-glucose homeostasis (impaired glucose tolerance)	Normal insulin-glucose homeostasis	65/39	100/100	33.5/35.5	25.7/28.3	CT	French ancestry men	0.73; (0.32, 1.14)
Gray [71]	1991	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	12/24	0/0	37/57	35.4/38.6	MRI	Obese women	0.33; (−0.37, 1.03)

Data not available.
^bMagnetic resonance imaging.
^cComputed tomography.
^dData combined with men and women within the same study.