The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy on Healthy Eating in a Low-Income Urban Population Affected by Structural Changes to the Food Environment

Table 3

Sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk profiles of participants from the local health and nutrition examination survey, Los Angeles County, 2011.

Characteristics	𝑛 (%)
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥^a	720 (100)
Sociodemographics
Gender
Women	408 (57)
Men	312 (43)
Age (years)
18–24	150 (21)
25–44	346 (48)
45–64	203 (28)
65+	21 (3)
Race/ethnicity
Black	288 (40)
Hispanic/Latino	241 (33)
White	77 (11)
Asian/Pacific Islander	72 (10)
Other	40 (6)
Education
Less than high school	121 (17)
High school graduate	159 (22)
Some college or junior college	280 (39)
College graduate/postgraduate	155 (22)
Employment
Employed^b	231 (32)
Unemployed/underemployed^c	417 (58)
Retired/disabled	65 (9)
Cardiovascular health
Body mass index or BMI (measured)^d
Underweight	10 (1)
Normal	221 (31)
Overweight	229 (32)
Obese	259 (36)
Blood pressure, mm Hg (measured)^e
Normal	342 (48)
Prehypertension	213 (30)
Hypertension^f	165 (23)
Diabetes (self-report)
Diabetic^g	53 (7)
Smoking (self-report)
Current smoker	199 (28)
Exposed to second-hand smoke in the past 7 days	343 (48)

aData collection was carried out at five designated public health centers during the survey period, February–April 2011. Percentage and number of cases may not add up to 100% or to the total due to rounding and missing information.
^bEmployed: employed full-time or self-employed.
^cUnderemployed: employed part-time.
^dBased on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for body mass index (BMI) calculations: BMI = weight (kg)/height (m²); BMI classifications = BMI ≤ 24.9 (normal or nonobese), BMI 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and BMI ≥ 30.0 (obese).
^eBased on classifications [11]: normal blood pressure (systolic < 120 mm Hg and diastolic < 80 mm Hg); prehypertension (systolic 120–139 mm Hg or diastolic 80–89 mm Hg); hypertension (stage 1, systolic 140–159 mm Hg or diastolic 90–99 mm Hg, and stage 2, systolic > 160 mm Hg or diastolic > 100 mm Hg).
^fIncluded participants with controlled (on medication) and uncontrolled stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension. Example: participants who were on medication(s) but have readings in the normal or prehypertension range were classified as having “controlled” or “uncontrolled” hypertension.
^gDiabetic: have been told by a doctor they have diabetes and/or were taking diabetes medication(s) as verified by the medication list collected during the survey.