The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy on Healthy Eating in a Low-Income Urban Population Affected by Structural Changes to the Food Environment

Table 5

Predictors of high fruit and vegetable consumption (4+ servings per day) among survey participants, Los Angeles County, 2011.

Independent variables	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c	Full model^d
	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Sociodemographic
Gender (women versus men)	1.65 (1.16,2.341)^∗∗	1.66 (1.16,2.39)^∗∗	1.46 (1.01, 2.13)*	1.48 (1.02, 2.14)*
Age (18–49 years versus 50+ years)	0.87 (0.59, 1.28)	0.88 (0.59, 1.33)	0.88 (0.58, 1.33)	0.87 (0.58, 1.32)
Race (black versus white)	1.16 (0.63, 2.15)	1.21 (0.65, 2.26)	1.28 (0.68, 2.44)	1.30 (0.70, 2.44)
Race (Latino versus white)	1.07 (0.56, 2.02)	1.10 (0.57, 2.12)	1.15 (0.59, 2.25)	1.18 (0.61, 2.30)
Education Level (greater than high school versus less than high school education)	0.87 (0.61, 1.26)	1.19 (0.82, 1.72)	1.32 (0.89, 1.94)	0.75 (0.52, 1.10)
Cardiovascular health
Body mass index (BMI) (normal/nonobese versus overweight and obese)	—	1.42 (0.96, 2.10)	—	1.38 (0.93, 2.04)
Blood pressure status (normal versus prehypertension/hypertension)	—	0.80 (0.55, 1.67)	—	0.75 (0.51, 1.10)
Smoking status (nonsmoker versus smoker)	—	0.78 (0.52, 1.17)	—	0.82 (0.54, 1.25)
Self-efficacy for engaging in healthy eating
Reading serving size information listed on Nutrition Facts label of packaged foods (high versus low confidence level)^e	—	—	2.15 (1.35,3.41)^∗∗	2.39 (1.67,3.50)^∗∗∗
Reducing portion sizes at each meal (high versus low confidence level)^e	—	—	1.04 (0.65, 1.69)	—
Sticking to low-fat foods when depressed, bored, or tense (high versus low confidence level)^e	—	—	1.19 (0.75, 1.88)	—
Sticking to low-fat foods when high-fat foods available at a party (high versus low confidence level)^e	—	—	1.22 (0.74, 2.03)	—
Sticking to low-fat foods when dining with friends or coworkers (high versus low confidence level)^e	—	—	1.23 (0.76, 2.00)	—

CI: confidence interval; 𝜒²HL: Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test.
aModel 1 adjusted for gender, age, race, and education level; 𝜒²HL = 4.37, 𝑃=0.82.
^bModel 2 adjusted for gender, age, race, BMI, blood pressure status, and smoking status; 𝜒²HL = 6.31, 𝑃=0.61.
^cModel 3 adjusted for gender, age, race, education level, and self-efficacy for reading serving size information on Nutrition Facts labels, reducing portion sizes, and sticking to low-fat foods (i.e., self-efficacy variables were dichotomized using level of confidence data reported on a 1–5 Likert scale); 𝜒²HL = 6.66, 𝑃=0.57.
^dFull model comprises the statistically significant variables and/or other relevant covariates included in models 1–3; 𝜒²HL = 5.57, 𝑃=0.70.
^eMeasure of confidence level based on a 5-point Likert scale “I know I can” to “I know I cannot.”
^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001.