Obesity Is Associated with an Increase in Pharmaceutical Expenses among University Employees

Table 3

The relationship between obesity and average monthly medical expenses (two-part model estimates) ().

	Total medical expenses		Pharmaceutical expenses		Noninpatient expenses		Obese related noninpatient expenses		Total out-of-pocket medical expenses
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Obese	81.7^**	52.2	38.6^**	16.3	32.3	15.6	12.8^**	12.7^**	13.44^**	8.09
	(36.3)	(35.1)	(16.7)	(13.8)	(21.9)	(21.7)	(5.3)	(5.8)	(6.11)	(5.73)

Notes: heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses. Two-part model estimates are estimated using a logit model in the first part and a generalized linear model with a log link and a gamma distribution for the second part. Covariates in the odd-numbered columns include gender, race, marital status, and age. Covariates in the even-numbered columns also include socioeconomic characteristics (education, income, and occupation category), health behaviors (smoking status, gym membership and attendance, health literacy, and health status), and the number of chronic conditions.
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