Parenting practices: (1) Restriction of sedentary behaviour (2) Monitoring activity (screen time and PA) (3) Stimulation to be active (parent self-administered questionnaire)
(1) Child PA time (minutes/day) (2) Child screen time (parent self-administered questionnaire)
Child: (1) BMI -score at age 5 (2) Gender (3) Birth weight (4) Activity and eating style Parent: (5) BMI (6) Educational level (7) Employment (8) Country of birth (9) Maternal age
(1) Restriction of sedentary behaviour was related to more screen time ( = 0.09, < 0.01) and less PA ( = −0.19, < 0.001). (2) Parent monitoring activity was not associated with child PA time and screen time. (3) Stimulation to be active was positively associated with PA ( = 0.12, < 0.001) and negatively with screen time ( = −0.12, < 0.001).
(1) Parental TV time rules (2) Parental TV program rules (3) Parental negative attitude towards TV (4) Parental presence during children’s TV use (parent self-administered questionnaire)
(1) Child TV time (minutes/day) (2) Child frequency of TV viewing (3) Child playing outdoor (parent self-administered questionnaire)
Child: (1) Age (2) Gender Family: (3) Household income (4) Family structure (5) Parent’s education (6) Parent’s minority status
(1) Parental TV time rule was negatively associated with child TV time ( = −0.18, < 0.001). (2) Parental TV program rules did not predict less TV viewing by children (children whose parents have program rules watched 32.5 more minutes/day TV, < 0.001). The relationship between program rules and child TV viewing was mediated by parental presence during viewing. (3) Children of parents with program rules tended to spend more time playing outdoors (mean difference of minutes playing outdoors = 17.7, < 0.1). (4) Parental negative attitude towards TV was directly associated with child TV time ( = −0.09, < 0.05) and was mediated by parental TV time rules. (5) Presence during children’s TV use was directly associated with child TV time ( = 0.29, < 0.001). (6) Children of parents with time rules and program rules tended to watch TV more frequently (mean difference of frequency watching TV were 0.28, < 0.0001, and 1.07, < 0.001, respectively).
(1) Parent self-efficacy in influencing child’s PA and screen time (parent self-administered questionnaire)
(1) Child PA time (2) Child screen time (parent self-administered questionnaire)
(1) Child age (2) Child gender (3) Region (urban versus rural) (4) Maternal education (5) Household income (6) Barriers
(1) Parent high self-efficacy was associated with low likelihood of not meeting PA guidelines (<3 hrs/day) with AOR 0.36 (95% CI 0.21–0.60). (2) Parent high self-efficacy was associated with low likelihood of exceeding screen time recommendation (≥2 hrs/day) with AOR 0.62 (95% CI 0.43–0.87).
(1) Role modelling Mother’s frequency of walking >30 mins/day Mother’s frequency of organised sport Father’s frequency of walking >30 mins/day (2) Rules about screen viewing Frequency that TV is on Rules about TV viewing Parents limit exposure to TV advertising (parent self-administered questionnaire)
(1) Parental participation in PA (mother’s frequency of walking >30 mins/day and frequency of organised sport) was associated with greater outdoor play in preschool children ( = 0.04–0.008). (2) Sedentary activity rules (frequency that TV is on, rules about TV viewing, and parents limit exposure to TV advertising) were associated with greater outdoor play in preschool children ( < 0.001). (3) Fewer rules about TV watching were associated with increased sedentary indoor behaviour
