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| Proposed mechanism | Mediators | Source of mediators | Target tissues/organs | Local/systemic effects |
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Metabolic | Increased production of short chain fatty acids [1] | Bacterial glycosyl hydrolases | Colon, distal ileum, and rectum | Colonic enterocytes | ↑ energy harvest Energy for colonocytes Alteration in cholesterol metabolism |
Muscle fatty acid oxidation [1] | ↓ AMP kinase | Small intestine | Muscle, liver | ↓ muscle fatty acid oxidation |
Bile acid circulation [19] | Secondary bile acid production | Colon | Colon | Reverse cholesterol transport |
Expression of liver ChREBP/SREBP-1 [1] | ↑ glucose absorption | Liver | Liver | ↑ hepatic lipogenesis |
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Inflammatory | Chronic low-grade inflammation [9] | LPS, NF-kappaB, and TNF-α mRNA | Colon, ileum | Endothelium, hypothalamus? | Metabolic endotoxemia and hyperphagia |
↑ endocannabinoid (eCB) system tone [10, 20] | Bacterial LPS | Ileum, colon | Stomach, small and large intestine | ↑ gut permeability and ↓ apelin and APJ mRNA expression |
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Hormonal | Suppression of Fiaf [1] | Colonic L-cells | Colon | Adipose tissue | ↑ lipolysis, ↓ muscle fatty acids oxidation |
↑ PYY [21] | Satiety centre | Ileum, colon | Hypothalamus | ↓ appetite, ↓ gastric motility, and ↓ gut emptying |
Expression of G protein coupled receptors 41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43) [22] | SCFA (acting as a ligand) | Colon, distal ileum, and rectum | Liver, brain | ↑ peptide YY (PYY), ↑ de novo hepatic lipogenesis |
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