Association between Sleep Habits and Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figure 2

The odds of metabolically healthy obesity for each sleep quality question. (a) “How often did you have trouble falling asleep?”; (b) “How often did you wake up during the night and had trouble getting back to sleep?”; (c) “How often did you wake up too early in the morning and were unable to get back to sleep?”; (d) “How often did you feel unrested during the day, no matter how many hours of sleep you have had?”; (e) “How often did you feel excessively or overly sleepy during the day?”; and (f) “How often did you not get enough sleep?” Modeled for MHO (i.e., absence of metabolic syndrome according to the Joint Interim Statement, ≤2 cardiometabolic dysfunctions) adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, smoking, alcohol, leisure-time physical activity, and physician diagnosed sleep disorder. Responses for each question were as follows: never; rarely (1 time a month); sometimes (2–4 times a month); often (5–15 times a month); and 4, almost always (16–30 times a month). MHO is metabolically healthy obesity in people with BMI of ≥30 kg/m². Significant difference.

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