Journal of Obesity

Review Article

Evaluation of Worksite Wellness Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs and Their Subsequent Impact on Participants’ Body Composition

Table 1

Summary of articles included within the systematic review ().


Author (year)	Location	Design/duration	Population/groups	Theory/wellness intervention	Evaluation measures	Measurement techniques	Results

Allen et al. (2012) [43]	USA	RCT¹,12 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: monthly education sessions and pedometers Control: no intervention	BMI², BF%³, WC⁴	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: BIA⁵ WC: tape measurer No further specifications	Intervention: insignificant decrease in BMI, BF%, or WC () Control: WC increased ()

Almeida et al. (2015) [10]	USA	RCT,12 months	Total ,790 Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: daily email, incentives, education website Control: quarterly newsletter and 1-hour resource session	BW⁶, BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer No further specifications	Intervention: BW and BMI decreased ()

Baker Parker et al. (2010) [50]	USA	Quasi-experimental: 3 groups, 24 months	Total Intense Moderate Control	No specific theory Intense intervention: health goals, prompts, and messages Moderate intervention: prompts and messages Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height were measured, but no further specifications	An insignificant decrease in BMI ()

Barham et al. (2011) [36]	USA	RCT,12 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: 12 1-hour weekly sessions; 1-hour monthly sessions Control: 3-month delay of intervention	BMI, WC	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer WC: tape measurer. Measurements were taken by trained professionals, no further specifications	Intervention: decreased BMI () and WC () in the first three months

Campbell et al. (2002) [51]	USA	RCT,18 months	Total Intervention Control	Social cognitive theory, Stages of Change Trans-Theoretical framework, social support model Intervention: two personalized tailored “magazines,” Natural helpers Control: after 6 months, 1 magazine was provided	BMI	Weight: calibrated scale Height: tape measure Weight and height measured without shoes	No changes in BMI

Christensen et al. (2012) [31]	Denmark	RCT,12 months	Total Intervention Control	Cognitive behavioral training Intervention: 1-hour weekly educational sessions Control: monthly 2-hour oral presentations	BW, BMI, BF%	Weight: calibrated scale. Measurements taken without socks and shoes, light clothing, 1 kg subtracted to compensate for clothing. Height: stadiometer Measurements taken without shoes BF: BIA. Measured by “standard” body frame and participant’s age, height, and gender BF: tape measurer. Waist circumference measured over umbilicus. Hip circumference measured on the hip part that gave the greatest circumference	Intervention: BW decreased by 6 kg () BMI decreased by 2.2 kg/m² () BF% decreased by 2.8% ()

Fernandez et al. (2015) [52]	USA	RCT: 10 groups,24 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: marketing at workplace, newsletters, interactive website Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer Measurements were taken in street clothes and without shoes	Intervention: BMI decreased by 0.54 kg/m² () Control: BMI decreased by 0.12 kg/m² ()
French et al. (2010) [53]	USA	RCT, 18 months	Total	No specific theory Intervention: healthy vending machine options, fitness facility, self-weighing competition, 2-day long health expos, monthly farmers markets Control: quarterly advisory group	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer Measurements taken in street clothes and without shoes; 2 separate measurements taken and then averaged the values	Intervention: BMI decreased by −0.14 kg/m² ()

Goetzel et al. (2014) [54]	USA	1 cohort group, 12 months	Total	No specific theory Intervention: 15-minute individual telephone health coaching and online interactive wellness tools	BMI	Self-reported weight and height No specifications on how they trained participants to take these measurements	BMI decreased by 2.0 kg/m² ()

Hochart et al. (2011) [32]	USA	Pretest, posttest: 13 groups, 36 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: telephone coaching, worksite or webinar education classes, online resources, and behavior change support tools Control: no intervention	BW, BMI	Weight and height measured, but no specifications on how these measurement techniques were taken	Intervention: Insignificant decreases in BW and BMI ()

LeCheminant et al. (2012) [55]	USA	1 cohort group 24 months	Total	Behavioral change framework Intervention: 6, 3- to 8-week intervention campaigns	BMI	Weight and height measured, but no specifications on how these measurement techniques were taken	BMI increased ()

Lemon et al. (2014) [56]	USA	RCT, 24 months	Total Intervention Control	Social ecological model Intervention: fitness facilities, healthy lunchroom options, elimination of SSB⁷, healthy prompts, print, and web-based materials Control: print and web-based materials only	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale. Measured by trained staff, readings to the nearest 2/10th pound Height: stadiometer. Measured by trained staff, readings to the nearest 1/8th inch	Decreased BMI -0.48 kg/m² ()

Leyk et al. (2014) [57]	Germany	Pretest, posttest: 3 groups, 12 months	Total Nonactive Not very active Very active	No specific theory Intervention: voluntary sport participation, sports-medicine exam, monthly lectures	BW, BMI, BF%, WC	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: caliper WC: tape measurer Sports-medicine specialist took the measurements, no specifications of how measurements were taken	Decrease in BW (), BMI (), and WC () among men No significant differences among women

Linde et al. (2012) [44]	USA	RCT, 24 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: education classes Control: no intervention	BW, BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale. Trained team specialists measured to the nearest 0.1 kg wore light street clothes without shoes Height: stadiometer Trained team specialists measured to the nearest 0.1 cm	Intervention: no changes in BW and BMI
Mache et al. (2015) [34]	Germany	RCT, 12 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: weekly 30–60 minutes training sessions, healthy food and exercise demonstrations, and activities Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	No changes in BMI

MacKinnon et al. (2010) [58]	USA	RCT: 3 groups, 48 months	Total MI TEAM Control	No specific theory TEAM: 11–45 minute sessions in the first year and 6 booster sessions in the second year MI: 4 1-hour individual motivational interviewing sessions in the first year, and 2 meetings with a counselor and optional additional 6 hours of in-person or phone contact in the second year Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Decreased BMI for TEAM intervention at 1 year ()

Merrill et al. (2014) [59]	USA	1 cohort group, 48 months	Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4	Motivational interviewing theory Intervention: monetary incentives, monthly newsletter, individual health coaching	BMI, BF%	BMI: weight and height measured but no further specifications BF%: body fat analyzer, but no further specifications	Over the 4-year period, decreased BMI ()

Merrill et al. (2010) [60]	USA	1 cohort group, 12 months	Total	Healthy belief model, Trans-theoretical model of change, motivational interviewing Intervention: telephonic health coaching	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Decreased BMI ()

Muto et al. (2001) [37]	Japan	RCT, 18 months	Total Intervention Control	No specific theory Intervention: 4-day education program, individual counseling, group discussions Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Intervention: decreased BMI by 0.5 kg/m² ()

Neville et al. (2011) [33]	USA	Quasi-experimental: 3 groups, 96 months	Total Group 1 Group 2 Group 3	No specific theory Intervention: monthly education sessions, incentives, health screenings Control: no intervention	BW, BMI, BF%	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: BIA Trained health educator staff members took measurements, but no further specifications	Decreased BMI for the highest risk group (group #1) ()

Poole et al. (2001) [61]	USA	1 cohort group, 48 months	Total	No specific theory Intervention: annual health assessment, incentive system	BF%	Skinfold calipers. Measurements were taken at the chest, abdomen, and thigh for men and triceps, supra-ilium, and thigh for females	Decreased BF% ()

Robroek et al. (2012) [62]	Netherlands	RCT, 24 months	Total Intervention Control	Social cognitive theory Intervention: physical health check, face-to-face advice, personal feedback, monthly emails Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured, no further specifications. In the follow-up measurement, height and weight were self-reported	No decreases in BMI ()
Salinardi et al. (2013) [35]	USA	RCT, 12 months	Total Intervention Control	Social ecological model Intervention: 19 1-hour long education sessions Control: no intervention	BW	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Measurements were taken with light indoor clothing and measured to 0.05 kg Height: stadiometer, no further specifications	BW decreased by an average of 8 kg ()

Note. 1 = randomized control trial, 2 = body mass index, 3 = body fat percentage, 4 = waist circumference, 5 = bioelectrical impedance analyzer, 6 = body weight, and 7 = sugar-sweetened beverages.