Impact of Experimentally Induced Cognitive Dietary Restraint on Eating Behavior Traits, Appetite Sensations, and Markers of Stress during Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Women

Table 3

Eating behavior traits at each time point for women from the CDR+ and CDR− groups^a.

	CDR+ ()			CDR− ()
	T = 0 week	T = 4 weeks	T = 16 weeks	T = 0 week	T = 4 weeks	T = 16 weeks	Group	Time	Group ∗ time
CDR^b,c,†	5.6 ± 3.5	8.5 ± 4.4	7.5 ± 4.3	8.2 ± 4.3	8.7 ± 4.4	8.7 ± 4.1	0.0167	<0.0001	0.0037
Flexible control^b,c	1.7 ± 1.4	2.7 ± 1.9	2.7 ± 1.9	2.7 ± 2.0	3.1 ± 1.8	2.9 ± 1.8	0.2611	0.0006	0.2077
Rigid control^c	1.9 ± 1.4	2.6 ± 1.7	2.4 ± 1.6	2.2 ± 1.6	2.3 ± 1.5	2.4 ± 1.6	0.8311	0.0594	0.2557
Disinhibition^c	7.6 ± 2.6	5.8 ± 2.8	6.7 ± 2.6	8.3 ± 3.3	6.1 ± 3.1	7.3 ± 3.4	0.3899	<0.0001	0.8925
Hunger^c	6.7 ± 2.9	5.5 ± 3.2	4.6 ± 2.6	5.5 ± 3.2	4.2 ± 2.6	4.7 ± 3.5	0.3094	0.0016	0.2539
Cravings^d	104.7 ± 31.5	94.1 ± 26.6	94.5 ± 27.9	109.4 ± 33.9	92.6 ± 28.5	93.3 ± 33.2	0.8467	<0.0001	0.6111

CDR+: with experimentally induced cognitive dietary restraint; CDR−: without experimentally induced cognitive dietary restraint. ^aAll values are means ± SD. ^bBaseline values (T = 0 week) differed significantly between groups. Adjustment for baseline value was performed in analyses. ^cScore from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Possible range of values is: 0 to 21 for CDR; 0 to 7 for flexible control and rigid control; 0 to 16 for disinhibition; 0 to 14 for hunger. ^dScore from the Food Craving Questionnaire. Possible range of values is 39 to 195. ^†Analyses were performed on log transformed values.