The Association between Antihypertensive Medication Use and Blood Pressure Is Influenced by Obesity
Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of US adults with hypertension by antihypertensive medication type (NHANES 1999–2014).
Participant characteristics
No BP drug
ACE inhibitors
β-blockers
Diuretics
CCB
ARB
Others
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Age, years
49.0 (0.3)
61.0 (0.3)
63.3 (0.3)
62.4 (0.3)
63.6 (0.3)
62.5 (0.4)
66.8 (0.5)
Gender (% female)
45.3 (0.8)
48.0 (0.9)
53.5 (1.0)
62.8 (0.8)
53.4 (1.1)
57.4 (1.3)
28.4 (1.9)
Ethnicity (% white)
69.0 (1.5)
74.6 (1.3)
79.3 (1.1)
74.9 (1.3)
68.9 (1.6)
74.4 (1.6)
73.5 (1.9)
Education (% HS or more)
79.7 (0.8)
77.3 (1.0)
78.0 (1.0)
76.1 (0.9)
74.8 (1.0)
80.7 (1.0)
71.6 (2.2)
Health insurance (% yes)
78.8 (0.8)
92.6 (0.5)
93.8 (0.4)
93.6 (0.6)
94.2 (0.5)
95.0 (0.6)
94.7 (0.9)
Smoking status (% smoker)
25.3 (0.9)
16.0 (0.7)
15.2 (0.8)
12.8 (0.7)
14.4 (0.9)
10.4 (0.9)
12.6 (1.5)
Physical activity (% active)
55.2 (1.0)
46.2 (1.1)
45.9 (1.1)
43.9 (1.3)
45.0 (1.0)
47.5 (1.7)
45.3 (2.2)
Body mass index (%)
Normal weight
24.3 (0.7)
16.0 (0.6)
18.5 (0.7)
14.5 (0.6)
18.5 (0.8)
14.1 (0.9)
15.8 (1.4)
Overweight
35.4 (0.8)
33.6 (0.9)
34.9 (0.9)
30.6 (0.9)
32.6 (0.9)
31.7 (1.4)
33.5 (1.7)
Obesity
40.3 (0.9)
50.4 (0.9)
46.6 (0.9)
54.9 (1.0)
48.9 (1.0)
54.2 (1.4)
50.7 (1.8)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic
138 (1)
130 (1)
132 (1)
131 (1)
135 (1)
133 (1)
133 (1)
Diastolic
79 (1)
70 (1)
70 (1)
70 (1)
69 (1)
70 (1)
68 (1)
% control
39.8 (1.1)
70.6 (0.9)
66.7 (0.9)
68.7 (0.8)
62.5 (1.1)
65.9 (1.2)
66.0 (1.8)
Number of BP meds
--------
2.0 (0.1)
2.3 (0.1)
2.4 (0.1)
2.4 (0.1)
2.3 (0.1)
2.8 (0.1)
Significantly different from the no BP drug group (). Continuous data presented as means (SE), categorical data presented as prevalence, % (SE), estimates weighted to represent the US population. Antihypertensive drug groups are not mutually exclusive. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; CCB = calcium channel blocker; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BP = blood pressure; HS = high school; BMI = body mass index; normal weight = 18.5 kg/m2 < BMI < 25 kg/m2; overweight = 25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2; obesity = BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; SE = standard error.
