Review Article
Management of Pregnant Women after Bariatric Surgery
Table 5
D-A-CH recommendations of nutritional intake during lactation [68] and tolerable upper intake level (UL) according to EFSA Guidelines [102] or the NIH [103] for healthy nonbariatric women as well as recommendations for intake after bariatric surgery for women (when available, data specific for lactation are reported).
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 mg retinol equivalent = 6 mg all-trans-β-carotene = 12 mg other provitamin A carotenoids = 1 mg retinol = 1.15 mg all-trans-retinyl acetate = 1.83 mg all-trans-retinyl palmitate; 1 IU = 0.3 µg retinol. 21 mg RRR-α-tocopherol equivalent = 1 mg RRR-α-tocopherol = 1.49 IU; 1 IU = 0.67 mg RRR-α-tocopherol = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate. 31 mg RRR-α-tocopherol (D-α-tocopherol) equivalent = 1.1 mg RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (D-α-tocopheryl acetate) = 2 mg RRR-β-tocopherol (D-β-tocopherol) = 4 mg RRR-γ-tocopherol (D-γ-tocopherol) = 100 mg RRR-δ-tocopherol (D-δ-tocopherol) = 3.3 mg RRR-α-tocotrienol (D-α-tocotrienol) = 1.49 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (D, L-α-tocopheryl acetate). 41 µg vitamin D = 40 IU. 5The UL does not include magnesium from nutritional sources or fluid and accounts for supplements only. 61200 mg calcium in women <19 years of age. 7Around 260 µg RRR-α-tocopherol equivalent extra per 100 g secreted milk. 8Around 0.13 µg vitamin B12 extra per 100 g secreted milk. 9Depending on procedure, LABG 5000 IU, RYGB or SG 5000–10000 IU, BPS 10000 IU per day, β-carotene form does not contribute to vitamin A toxicity. 10To women of childbearing age. All NIH recommendations for women >18 years of age; i.m., intramuscular; p.o., per os; BPS = biliopancreatic diversion; RYGB = Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SG = sleeve gastrectomy; LAGB = laparoscopic gastric banding; DS = duodenal switch surgery. |