Correlates of and Body Composition Measures Associated with Metabolically Healthy Obesity Phenotype in Hispanic/Latino Women and Men: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Table 1
Characteristics of target population (mean ± standard deviation or n (percentage)) according to obesity phenotypes in women and men with obesity, HCHS/SOL, 2008–2011.
Total n = 5426
Women (n = 3552)
Men (n = 1874)
MAO
MHO
MAO
MHO
n = 3181 (88.1%)
n = 371 (11.9%)
Value
n = 1743 (92.7%)
n = 131 (7.3%)
Value
Age (years)
42.2 ± 14.1
44.6 ± 15.5
35.4 ± 11.3
<0.001
41.1 ± 12.2
32.1 ± 9.3
<0.001
Hispanic/Latino background, n (%)
Central American
600 (7.4)
346 (7.2)
37 (9.4)
0.058
206 (7.5)
11 (6.1)
0.525
Cuban
728 (19.8)
398 (19.4)
31 (11.7)
286 (22.0)
13 (17.4)
Dominican
418 (9.2)
264 (10.0)
34 (14.5)
107 (7.1)
13 (12.6)
Mexican
2312 (38.7)
1377 (38.3)
176 (41.4)
700 (38.7)
59 (38.1)
Puerto Rican
902 (16.7)
553 (17.2)
48 (13.6)
282 (16.7)
19 (15.1)
South American
297 (4.0)
162 (3.8)
25 (4.2)
100 (3.9)
10 (6.3)
Others
169 (4.2)
81 (4.2)
20 (5.2)
62 (4.1)
6 (4.4)
Education, n (%)
<High school
2101 (33.1)
1336 (37.6)
124 (28.1)
0.002
599 (28.9)
42 (24.3)
0.042
High school graduate
1369 (28.2)
737 (27.3)
91 (24.1)
512 (30.5)
29 (21.2)
>High school
1956 (38.7)
1108 (35.1)
156 (47.8)
632 (40.5)
60 (54.5)
Annual household income, n (%)
≤$20,000
2385 (42.5)
1530 (48.8)
177 (42.7)
0.194
637 (35.4)
41 (31.1)
0.067
$20,001–40,000
1718 (31.4)
929 (29.0)
116 (29.9)
627 (35.2)
46 (26.2)
$40,001–75,000
716 (13.6)
353 (10.9)
45 (14.1)
287 (15.8)
31 (27.5)
>$75,000
224 (5.3)
88 (2.6)
13 (5.3)
115 (8.2)
8 (12.0)
Do not know/refused
383 (7.2)
281 (8.7)
20 (7.9)
77 (5.5)
5 (3.2)
Employed, n (%)
1543 (30.4)
524 (16.2)
81 (20.6)
0.104
874 (48.9)
64 (45.6)
0.567
Health insurance, n (%)
2712 (49.1)
1699 (53.5)
179 (47.8)
0.149
783 (44.2)
51 (43.0)
0.847
US born, n (%)
1004 (24.0)
516 (19.9)
93 (28.5)
0.007
348 (26.8)
47 (42.7)
0.006
Time living in US (years)
22.0 ± 15.0
22.4 ± 16.9
19.6 ± 12.7
0.002
22.1 ± 13.3
20.3 ± 10.4
0.112
English language preference, n (%)
1153 (27.4)
596 (23.7)
103 (36.9)
0.001
408 (29.3)
46 (41.3)
0.033
Field center, n (%)
Bronx
1247 (28.1)
766 (30.4)
86 (33.5)
0.226
363 (24.0)
32 (32.0)
0.384
Chicago
1477 (17.1)
822 (15.7)
93 (16.5)
523 (18.7)
39 (19.2)
Miami
1281 (28.6)
725 (28.6)
71 (21.8)
464 (30.1)
21 (25.3)
San Diego
1421 (26.2)
868 (25.3)
121 (28.2)
393 (27.2)
39 (23.5)
Behavioral characteristics
Lifetime cigarette use (pack/yrs)
4.6 ± 12.4
4.0 ± 13.6
1.6 ± 5.5
<0.001
6.0 ± 11.9
3.6 ± 6.6
0.003
Weekly alcohol consumption (g)
2.6 ± 6.2
0.9 ± 3.3
2.1 ± 6.7
0.024
4.7 ± 7.4
3.4 ± 3.9
0.050
Diet quality (AHEI-2010)
47.5 ± 7.4
46.8 ± 8.0
45.5 ± 7.2
0.010
48.7 ± 6.6
47.6 ± 5.7
0.082
Weekly PA levels
Inactive/low
2601 (44.1)
1726 (51.3)
179 (46.8)
0.242
657 (36.1)
39 (25.0)
0.038
Medium/high
2825 (55.9)
1455 (48.7)
192 (53.2)
1086 (63.9)
92 (75.0)
Clinical characteristics
BMI (kg/m2)
35.1 ± 5.1
35.9 ± 5.9
34.2 ± 4.3
<0.001
34.5 ± 4.1
33.8 ± 33.6
0.162
Fasting insulin (mU/L)
18.1 ± 13.1
18.1 ± 15.0
12.9 ± 7.0
<0.001
19.5 ± 11.5
12.2 ± 7.1
<0.001
hsCRP (mg/L)
5.5 ± 6.3
6.6 ± 7.4
5.5 ± 5.8
0.015
4.1 ± 4.7
3.6 ± 4.5
0.420
Heart rate (beats/min)
67.2 ± 10.5
67.8 ± 11.3
66.5 ± 9.1
0.083
67.0 ± 9.6
63.1 ± 8.7
0.002
Body fat (%)
40.4 ± 7.6
44.7 ± 5.3
43.4 ± 4.4
<0.001
34.9 ± 6.1
33.6 ± 6.2
0.101
Waist circumference (cm)
109.4 ± 12.5
108.6 ± 13.8
104.9 ± 11.8
<0.001
111.4 ± 10.9
108.3 ± 9.5
0.013
Lean body mass (kg)
55.7 ± 11.5
48.5 ± 6.8
48.2 ± 4.6
0.430
65.3 ± 8.3
65.2 ± 6.7
0.962
Note. All values were weighted for survey design and nonresponse. Value of comparisons across obesity phenotypes was calculated using chi-square tests for categorical variables and adjusted Wald tests for continuous variables. MAO = metabolically at-risk obesity; MHO = metabolically healthy obesity; BMI = body mass index; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PA = physical activity.
