Journal of Obesity

Research Article

Marked Disparities in Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and Overweight Prevalence among US Women by Race/Ethnicity, Nativity/Immigrant Status, and Sociodemographic Characteristics, 2012–2014

Table 1

Observed prevalence and logistic regressions showing unadjusted and covariate-adjusted differentials in pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30) among reproductive-age women in major racial/ethnic groups and by selected sociodemographic characteristics, United States, 2012–2014 ()


Covariate	Number of births	Prevalence percent	Prevalence ratio	Model 1¹			Model 2²			Covariate-adjusted
Covariate	Number of births	Prevalence percent	Prevalence ratio	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		Prevalence	SE

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	57,28,722	22.31	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		21.09	0.02
Non-Hispanic black	15,23,283	33.94	1.52	1.79	1.79	1.79	1.82	1.82	1.82	32.25	0.04
American Indian/AN	96,037	34.86	1.56	1.86	1.86	1.87	1.65	1.64	1.65	30.19	0.14
Chinese	1,44,479	2.58	0.12	0.09	0.09	0.10	0.17	0.17	0.18	4.57	0.07
Japanese	18,074	4.25	0.19	0.15	0.15	0.16	0.25	0.24	0.27	6.54	0.22
Filipino	83,470	10.94	0.49	0.43	0.43	0.43	0.68	0.67	0.68	15.50	0.14
Hawaiian	2,041	32.44	1.45	1.67	1.57	1.79	1.58	1.48	1.69	29.32	0.96
Asian Indian	1,63,921	9.25	0.41	0.36	0.35	0.36	0.76	0.76	0.76	16.99	0.12
Korean	42,101	4.80	0.22	0.18	0.17	0.18	0.32	0.32	0.33	8.17	0.17
Vietnamese	59,579	3.26	0.15	0.12	0.11	0.12	0.18	0.17	0.18	4.68	0.10
Samoan	5,336	60.23	2.70	5.28	5.11	5.44	6.10	5.91	6.30	60.08	0.66
Other API	1,55,158	15.64	0.70	0.65	0.64	0.65	0.90	0.89	0.90	19.37	0.11
Mexican	14,91,966	27.95	1.25	1.35	1.35	1.35	1.66	1.66	1.66	30.29	0.04
Puerto Rican	1,61,294	28.60	1.28	1.40	1.39	1.40	1.52	1.51	1.52	28.51	0.11
Cuban	51,202	18.98	0.85	0.82	0.81	0.82	1.05	1.05	1.06	21.95	0.19
Central/South American	3,17,066	19.92	0.89	0.87	0.87	0.87	1.26	1.26	1.26	25.04	0.09
Other Hispanics	3,87,363	27.04	1.21	1.29	1.29	1.29	1.48	1.48	1.48	28.09	0.07

Maternal age (years)
<20	7,35,009	16.06	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		12.47	0.04
20–24	23,75,337	24.74	1.54	1.72	1.71	1.73	1.84	1.83	1.86	20.42	0.03
25–29	29,91,749	25.54	1.59	1.79	1.78	1.81	2.51	2.49	2.53	25.58	0.03
30–34	27,47,472	23.89	1.49	1.64	1.63	1.65	2.81	2.79	2.83	27.66	0.03
35–39	12,75,698	25.31	1.58	1.77	1.76	1.78	3.22	3.20	3.25	30.31	0.05
40–44	2,84,881	26.63	1.66	1.90	1.88	1.92	3.47	3.43	3.51	31.77	0.09
≥45	20,946	23.34	1.45	1.59	1.54	1.64	3.15	3.04	3.26	29.84	0.33

Parity
0	41,06,378	20.18	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		22.72	0.02
1	33,02,759	24.38	1.21	1.27	1.27	1.28	1.12	1.12	1.13	24.72	0.02
2	17,36,143	27.81	1.38	1.52	1.51	1.53	1.15	1.14	1.15	25.10	0.03
3	7,36,876	31.06	1.54	1.78	1.77	1.79	1.20	1.19	1.21	25.92	0.05
≥4	5,07,957	34.17	1.69	2.05	2.03	2.06	1.23	1.22	1.24	26.41	0.06

Marital status
Married	62,25,913	22.29	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		24.03	0.02
Unmarried	42,05,179	27.16	1.22	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.03	1.03	1.03	24.54	0.02

Nativity/immigrant status
US-born	81,19,717	26.10	1.47	1.64	1.64	1.65	1.86	1.85	1.87	26.45	0.02
Foreign-born	22,80,862	17.71	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		16.62	0.03

Maternal education (years)
<12	16,33,121	25.53	1.60	1.80	1.80	1.81	2.02	2.01	2.03	27.55	0.04
12	25,69,666	28.18	1.76	2.07	2.06	2.07	2.09	2.08	2.10	28.23	0.03
13–15	30,44,340	28.73	1.80	2.12	2.11	2.13	1.99	1.98	2.00	27.25	0.03
≥16	30,79,059	15.97	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		16.17	0.02

Place of residence
Metropolitan county	81,60,502	23.16	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		23.33	0.02
Non-metropolitan county	22,70,590	28.19	1.22	1.30	1.30	1.31	1.26	1.25	1.26	27.43	0.03

Region of residence
New England	2,71,499	20.44	0.94	0.93	0.92	0.94	1.16	1.15	1.18	23.81	0.08
Mid-Atlantic	10,98,599	21.61	0.99	0.99	0.99	1.00	1.15	1.14	1.15	23.53	0.04
East Northcentral	16,27,751	26.33	1.21	1.29	1.28	1.30	1.34	1.33	1.35	26.25	0.03
West Northcentral	8,04,150	25.21	1.16	1.22	1.21	1.22	1.26	1.25	1.27	25.15	0.05
South Atlantic	19,61,847	24.84	1.14	1.19	1.18	1.20	1.19	1.18	1.20	24.19	0.03
East Southcentral	5,38,839	27.43	1.26	1.36	1.35	1.37	1.28	1.27	1.29	25.44	0.06
West Southcentral	15,43,133	25.24	1.16	1.22	1.21	1.23	1.16	1.15	1.17	23.74	0.03
Mountain	7,35,534	21.72	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		21.29	0.05
Pacific	18,49,740	22.78	1.05	1.06	1.06	1.07	1.17	1.16	1.18	23.89	0.03

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; AN = Alaska Native; API = Asian/Pacific Islander. Statistically significant at . ¹Unadjusted for the effects of other covariates. ²Adjusted for race/ethnicity, maternal age, parity, marital status, nativity, maternal education, and place and region of residence. Source: data derived from the 2012–2014 US National Natality data files.