Regional Variation in Comorbid Prediabetes and Diabetes and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Individuals in Rural Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
Table 1
Comparison of baseline characteristics between hypertensive individuals with and without diabetes in rural areas in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka ().
Variables
Total ()
Without diabetes ()
With diabetes ()
value
Age (y), mean (SD)
58.8 (11.3)
58.4 (11.6)
59.9 (10.5)
0.003
Men, n (%)
864 (35.6)
609 (34.7)
255 (37.9)
0.15
Formal education, n (%) (vs. no formal)
1466 (60.4)
959 (54.7)
507 (75.3)
<0.001
Unmarried, n (%) (vs. married)
638 (26.3)
468 (26.7)
170 (25.3)
0.47
International wealth index, mean (SD)
58.8 (21.0)
56.1 (21.2)
66.2 (18.4)
<0.001
Smoking, n (%)
249 (10.3)
193 (11.0)
56 (8.3)
0.052
Physical activity (MET-min/week), n (%)
0.001
<1381
791 (33.0)
558 (32.2)
233 (35.0)
1381∼5544
810 (33.8)
562 (32.4)
248 (37.3)
≥5544
798 (33.3)
614 (35.4)
184 (27.7)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)
24.8 (5.0)
24.3 (5.1)
26.0 (4.7)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2), n (%)
<0.001
<18.5
214 (8.9)
194 (11.1)
20 (3.0)
18.5∼23
692 (28.8)
547 (31.3)
145 (22.1)
23∼27.5
890 (37.0)
617 (35.3)
273 (41.6)
≥27.5
610 (25.4)
391 (22.4)
219 (33.3)
Waist circumference† (cm), mean (SD)
88.3 (12.9)
86.5 (12.8)
93.2 (11.9)
<0.001
Waist circumference† (cm), n (%)
<0.001
≤Q1
570 (23.5)
506 (28.9)
64 (9.6)
Q1∼Q2
611 (25.2)
460 (26.3)
151 (22.5)
Q2∼Q3
584 (24.1)
380 (21.7)
204 (30.5)
≥Q3
657 (27.1)
406 (23.2)
251 (37.5)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)
145.5 (21.6)
145.1 (21.9)
146.4 (20.9)
0.17
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)
88.2 (14.1)
88.5 (14.3)
87.5 (13.6)
0.09
Pulse pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)
57.2 (14.9)
56.6 (14.9)
59.0 (14.6)
<0.001
HDL (mg/dL), mean (SD)
45.2 (13.1)
45.4 (13.3)
44.8 (12.4)
0.38
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (IQR)
129.4 (94, 183.1)
126.1 (90.7, 177.8)
139.3 (102.1, 202.7)
<0.001
Self-reported CVD, n (%)
554 (23.4)
361 (21.1)
193 (29.1)
<0.001
CKD (stage 3 A1 or worse), n (%)
899 (38.3)
567 (33.1)
332 (52.5)
<0.001
10-year Framingham CVD risk score 20% or more‡, n (%)
1052 (44.0)
590 (33.7)
462 (72.1)
<0.001
Country, n (%)
<0.001
Bangladesh
872 (35.9)
671 (38.3)
201 (29.9)
Pakistan
740 (30.5)
588 (33.5)
152 (22.6)
Sri Lanka
814 (33.6)
494 (28.2)
320 (47.6)
The number of missing values were 8 for international wealth index, 1 for smoking, 27 for physical activities, 20 for BMI, 4 for waist circumference, 34 for HDL, 35 for triglyceride, 54 for self-reported CVD, 78 for CKD, and 35 for Framingham risk score. SD, standard deviation; Met, metabolic equivalent; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease. †Gender-specific quartiles were used: Q1, Q2, and Q3 were 79, 88, and 95 among female and 82, 91, and 98 among male. ‡10-year Framingham CVD risk was estimated based on the sex-specific general CVD risk score sheets.
