Regional Variation in Comorbid Prediabetes and Diabetes and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Individuals in Rural Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
Table 4
Factors associated with diabetes among individuals with hypertension in rural communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Bangladesh ()
Pakistan ()
Sri Lanka ()
OR (95% CI)
Value
OR (95% CI)
Value
OR (95% CI)
Value
Age (y, per 5 y increase)
1.10 (0.99, 1.21)
0.077
0.98 (0.88, 1.11)
0.78
1.04 (0.94, 1.15)
0.43
Women (vs. men)
1.26 (0.76, 2.10)
0.37
0.67 (0.40, 1.12)
0.13
0.86 (0.57, 1.28)
0.45
Formal education (vs. no formal education)
1.15 (0.76, 1.72)
0.51
1.02 (0.61, 1.73)
0.93
3.72 (1.18, 11.77)
0.026
Unmarried (vs. married)
1.19 (0.71, 2.01)
0.50
0.44 (0.24, 0.82)
0.010
0.86 (0.57, 1.29)
0.47
International wealth index (per SD increase)
1.42 (1.10, 1.84)
0.008
1.64 (1.27, 2.12)
<0.001
1.03 (0.83, 1.28)
0.76
Smoking (vs. no smoking)
0.86 (0.44, 1.71)
0.67
1.02 (0.56, 1.87)
0.94
0.65 (0.29, 1.43)
0.28
Physical activity (MET-min/week)
0.81
0.30
0.043
<1381
1.00
1.00
1.00
1381∼5544
1.10 (0.70, 1.75)
0.68
0.68 (0.39, 1.18)
0.17
1.08 (0.73, 1.60)
0.70
≥5544
0.96 (0.57, 1.63)
0.88
0.74 (0.45, 1.23)
0.24
0.67 (0.44, 1.01)
0.056
BMI (kg/m2)
0.82
0.99
0.63
<18.5
1.00
1.00
1.00
18.5∼23
1.50 (0.39, 5.75)
0.55
1.16 (0.40, 3.34)
0.78
1.49 (0.65, 3.45)
0.34
23∼27.5
1.69 (0.41, 7.05)
0.47
1.08 (0.35, 3.34)
0.89
1.18 (0.47, 2.98)
0.72
≥27.5
1.42 (0.31, 6.59)
0.65
1.07 (0.33, 3.50)
0.91
1.29 (0.48, 3.52)
0.61
Waist circumference† (cm)
0.002
0.019
0.038
<Q1
1.00
1.00
1.00
Q1∼Q2
2.50 (1.21, 5.14)
0.014
1.81 (0.72, 4.54)
0.21
1.81 (1.01, 3.25)
0.048
Q2∼Q3
4.60 (2.03, 10.42)
<0.001
3.54 (1.38, 9.08)
0.009
2.38 (1.25, 4.52)
0.009
≥Q3
6.01 (2.35, 15.43)
<0.001
3.87 (1.46, 10.26)
0.007
2.72 (1.36, 5.43)
0.005
Pulse pressure (mmHg, per 5 mmHg increase)
1.06 (0.98, 1.14)
0.15
1.16 (1.07, 1.26)
<0.001
1.05 (0.99, 1.11)
0.090
HDL (mg/dL, per 5 mg/dL increase)
1.01 (0.91, 1.12)
0.85
0.91 (0.81, 1.01)
0.088
0.80 (0.73, 0.88)
<0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL, per 5 mg/dL increase)
1.02 (1.01, 1.03)
0.001
1.01 (1.00, 1.02)
0.011
1.01 (1.00, 1.02)
0.077
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; MET, metabolic equivalent task; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Adjusted ORs were reported based on the final model (model 4) in Table 3. trend was 0.99 and <0.001 for BMI and waist circumference in Bangladesh, respectively; trend was 0.95 and 0.005 for BMI and waist circumference in Pakistan, respectively; and trend was 0.99 and 0.007 for BMI and waist circumference in Sri Lanka, respectively. †Gender-specific quartiles were used: Q1, Q2, and Q3 were 79, 88, and 95 among female and 82, 91, and 98 among male.
