Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors in relation to Overweight Defined by BMI and “Normal-Weight Obesity”
Table 3
Associations between lean, normal-weight obesity, and overweight with sociodemographic factors and smoking and alcohol habits in the EpiHealth cohort.
Lean vs. NWO adj OR
95% CI
value
Lean vs. overweight adj OR
95% CI
value
NWO vs. overweight adj OR
95% CI
value
Sex
Women (ref)
1
1
1
Men
0.664
0.591–0.746
<0.001
1.788
1.621–1.973
<0.001
2.290
2.094–2.504
<0.001
Age group (year)
45–49 (ref)
1
1
1
50–59
1.692
1.452–1.971
<0.001
1.531
1.348–1.739
<0.001
0.981
0.855–1.126
0.787
60–69
2.277
1.905–2.723
<0.001
2.026
1.741–2.358
<0.001
0.987
0.848–1.149
0.865
70–75
2.693
2.070–3.503
<0.001
2.596
2.063–3.267
<0.001
1.070
0.878–1.303
0.503
Education
Primary school (ref)
1
1
1
Secondary school
0.821
0.667–1.009
0.061
0.895
0.747–1.071
0.225
1.066
0.925–1.229
0.373
Higher education
0.771
0.636–0.934
0.008
0.608
0.514–0.719
<0.001
0.787
0.691–0.896
<0.001
Other
0.870
0.692–1.094
0.235
0.893
0.731–1.092
0.271
1.047
0.898–1.220
0.555
Missing data
—
—
—
—
Occupation
Working (ref)
1
1
1
Sick leave/disability
1.097
0.750–1.602
0.634
1.799
1.305–2.482
<0.001
1.401
1.066–1.843
0.016
Retirement
1.561
1.311–1.859
<0.001
1.487
1.272–1.737
<0.001
0.955
0.842–1.084
0.474
Other
1.157
0.905–1.481
0.245
1.098
0.885–1.362
0.395
0.973
0.800–1.183
0.781
Missing
—
—
—
—
Marital status
Single/living alone (ref)
1
1
1
Married/cohabitating
0.969
0.826–1.136
0.694
1.180
1.025–1.360
0.022
1.282
1.141–1.391
<0.001
Divorced/widowed
0.833
0.679–1.022
0.080
1.074
0.896–1.288
0.440
1.288
1.505–2.376
0.002
Missing data
—
—
—
—
Smoking habits
Never smoked (ref)
1
1
1
Former smokers
1.116
0.995–1.252
0.061
1.479
1.339–1.633
<0.001
1.343
1.232–1.465
<0.001
Current smokers
0.814
0.662–1.000
0.050
0.836
0.701–0.997
0.046
0.964
0.823–1.129
0.647
Missing data
—
—
—
—
Alcohol drinking frequency
Never (ref)
1
1
1
Once monthly or less
0.83
0.484–1.425
0.499
0.876
0.558–1.377
0.567
1.034
0.703–1.520
0.869
2-3 times a month
0.926
0.542–1.584
0.780
0.724
0.462–1.134
0.159
0.831
0.566–1.218
0.341
Once weekly
0.959
0.561–1.639
0.879
0.648
0.413–1.016
0.058
0.661
0.451–0.970
0.034
2-3 times a week
0.900
0.529–1.532
0.697
0.515
0.330–0.805
0.004
0.583
0.399–0.852
0.005
≥4 times a week
1.081
0.623–1.875
0.781
0.489
0.307–0.778
0.003
0.466
0.314–0.691
<0.001
Missing data
—
—
—
—
Amount drinking/occasion
1-2 glasses (ref)
1
1
1
3-4 glasses
1.197
1.048–1.368
0.008
1.556
1.387–1.739
<0.001
1.260
1.141–1.391
<0.001
≥5 glasses
1.143
0.829–1.576
0.414
2.186
1.705–2.799
<0.001
1.889
1.502–2.376
<0.001
Missing/no drinking
—
—
—
—
Lean is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of <25 kg/m2 and a fat percentage in men of <20% and in women of <30%; normal-weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a BMI of <25 kg/m2 and a fat percentage in men of ≥20% and in women of ≥30%; and overweight is defined as a of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 [5, 6]. Logistic regression analysis is adjusted for all sociodemographic factors, smoking and alcohol factors, leisure time physical activity, and the regularity of meals. Values are presented as adjusted (adj) odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
