Weight Change and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Women

Table 4

Mean changes in cardiometabolic risk factors by category of weight loss in the maintenance phase.

Cardiometabolic risk markers	Maintenance phase (6 to 12 months)
	Control					Intervention
	>2% gain	±2% maintain	>2–<5% loss	5–20% loss	value	>2% gain	±2% maintain	>2–<5% loss	5–20% loss	value
	n = 44	n = 45	n = 16	n = 9		n = 49	n = 57	n = 13	n = 10
WC, cm	1.05	−1.09	−4.67^a	−1.37	0.001	0.26	−0.69	−4.59^a	−3.26	0.008
	(−0.32, 2.42)	(−2.44, 0.26)	(−7.00, −2.35)	(−4.59, 1.85)		(−1.13, 1.66)	(−1.98, 0.60)	(−7.31, −1.88)	(−6.41, −0.11)
FPG^, mmol/L	0.17	−0.21	−0.57	0.40	0.003	−0.07	−0.24	−0.31	−0.30	0.584
	(−0.11, 0.46)	(−0.48, 0.07)	(−1.05, −0.09)	(−0.26, 1.05)		(−0.29, 0.14)	(−0.44, −0.04)	(−0.74, 0.11)	(−0.78, 0.19)
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	1.20	2.10	−1.33	1.26	0.619	1.30	−0.60	0.22	3.74	0.375
	(−1.15, 3.56)	(−0.18, 4.38)	(−6.01, 3.34)	(−4.31, 6.83)		(−0.85, 3.44)	−2.57, 1.38)	(−3.83, 4.26)	(−1.92, 9.40)
HOMA-IR	0.23	0.47	0.04	−0.24	0.813	0.36	0.31	0.60	−0.61	0.707
	(−0.51, 0.97)	(−0.17, 1.11)	(−1.35, 1.43)	(−1.81, 1.33)		(−0.31, 1.04)	(−0.32, 0.95)	(−0.67, 1.87)	(−2.25, 1.04)
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.10	−0.16	0.04	−0.35	0.207	−0.04	−0.18	−0.09	0.13	0.527
	(−0.11, 0.31)	(−0.37, 0.05)	(−0.32, 0.40)	(−0.85, 0.15)		(−0.24, 0.15)	(−0.36, 0.00)	(−0.47, 0.29)	(−0.31, 0.57)
TC, mmol/L	0.30	0.22	0.26	−0.26	0.414	−0.07	−0.01	−0.33	0.19	0.493
	(0.04, 0.55)	(−0.03, 0.47)	(−0.18, 0.70)	(−0.86, 0.34)		(−0.30, 0.16)	(−0.22, 0.20)	(−0.77, 0.12)	(−0.32, 0.70)
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.06	−0.07	−0.09	−0.14	0.018	−0.03	−0.04	−0.12	−0.07	0.521
	(−0.01, 0.12)	(−0.13, −0.00)	(−0.21, 0.03)	(−0.30, 0.02)		(−0.08, 0.03)	(−0.09, 0.01)	(−0.22, −0.01)	(−0.20, 0.05)
LDL-C, mmol/L	−0.16	−0.46	−0.45	−0.99	0.051	−0.34	−0.34	−0.89	0.35	0.251
	(−0.41, 0.09)	(−0.71, −0.22)	(−0.88, 0.02)	(−1.58, 0.40)		(−0.56, −0.12)	(−0.55, −0.14)	(−1.32, −0.47)	(−0.14, 0.83)
TNF-α, pg/mL	−5.93	−6.57	−11.60	−7.11	0.050	−6.93	−6.72	−5.50	−6.05	0.939
	(−7.75, −4.11)	(−8.13, −5.00)	(−15.5, −8.05)	(−12.45, −1.65)		(−8.98, −4.87)	(−8.68, −4.76)	(−9.73, −1.25)	(−15.00, −2.91)
Adiponectin, μg/mL	−0.41	0.89	0.26	0.75	0.886	0.47	−0.91	0.67	1.10	0.287
	(−1.45, 0.62)	(0.00, 1.78)	(−1.76, 2.27)	(−2.33, 3.82)		(−0.68, .61)	(−1.99, 0.17)	(−1.68, 3.03)	(−3.74, 5.94)
Hs-CRP, μg/mL	0.90	−0.30	−1.99	7.27	0.071	−0.08	2.54	2.89	2.59	0.166
	(−1.11, 12.90)	(−2.03, 1.42)	(−5.91, 1.93)	(1.31, 13.23)		(−1.86, 1.70)	(0.86, 4.22)	(−0.73, 6.51)	(−4.86, 10.03)

Note. Data were presented as estimated marginal mean (95% CI). ^aSignificant difference as relative to >2% weight gain. ^bSignificant difference as relative to ±2% weight maintained. The number of participants for Insulin, HOMA-IR, and inflammatory markers is as follows: Insulin. CON: >2% gain: 40, ±2% maintain: 42, >2–<5% loss: 11 and 5–20% loss: 8. INT: >2% gain: 46, ±2% maintain: 52, >2–<5% loss: 13 and 5–20% loss: 8. HOMA-IR. CON: >2% gain: 31, ±2% maintain: 41, >2–<5% loss: 10 and 5–20% loss: 8. INT: >2% gain: 46, ±2% maintain: 52, >2–<5% loss: 13 and 5–20% loss: 8. Inflammatory markers. CON: >2% gain: 25, ±2% maintain: 34, >2–<5% loss: 7 and 5–20% loss: 3. INT: >2% gain: 33, ±2% maintain: 37, >2–<5% loss: 8 and 5–20% loss: 2.