Elevated Serum TNF-α Is Related to Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Associated with Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance

Table 1

Comparison of clinical characteristics, body composition, and insulin resistance indices between control and type 2 DM patients.

Variables	Control	DM	value
M/F	36/27	34/31
Age (years)	47.2 ± 7.7	49.5 ± 10.2	0.790
BMI	28.9 ± 4.2	31.4 ± 5.7	0.005
WHR	0.97 ± 0.07	1.03 ± 0.08	0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	5.0 ± 0.5	7.9 ± 2.6	0.001
HbA1c (%)	—	7.3 ± 1.8	—
Fat mass (kg)	26.6 ± 8.5	30.2 ± 10.6	0.040
BF%	34.9 ± 8.2	37.6 ± 7.4	0.032
Basal insulin (μIU/ml)	6.5 ± 3.3	10.5 ± 14.4	0.028
HOMA-IR	1.5 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 2.4	0.010
HOMA-B (%)	95.5 ± 61.3	48.6 ± 34.5	0.001
TNF-α (pg/ml)	6.19 ± 3.01	7.51 ± 2.48	0.008
Leptin (ng/ml)	30.6 ± 19.8	32.2 ± 19 .5	0.331

M: males; F: females; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist/hip ratio; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; BF%: body fat percentage; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Insulin and leptin levels were compared by the Mann–Whitney U test. All other parameters were compared by the t test.