Lipid-Induced Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome

Figure 2

The role of TLRs and FAs in the signaling mechanisms of inflammation in the adipose tissue and insulin resistance. The saturated fatty acids (SFAs) act as nonmicrobial TLR4 agonists or indirectly promote the TLR4 activation, triggering its inflammatory response and inflammation of the adipose tissue. Inflammatory signaling caused by saturated fatty acids via TLR4/MD-2 inhibits the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, leading to the development of insulin resistance. GPR120 activation induced by n-3 PUFA leads to a decrease in the activity of IKK-β/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways, which reduces the expression of proinflammatory genes. The anti-inflammatory properties of PPARs are achieved by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). N-3 PUFAs directly interact with PPARs and modulate the expression of proinflammatory genes.