Obesity Associated with Low Lean Mass and Low Bone Density Has Higher Impact on General Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Table 1
Comparisons of visceral adipose tissue, muscle strength and performance, time spent sitting, and diet intake among the 8 groups defined according to body composition disturbances: ANCOVA controlled for age and sex.
Variables
Groups
Normal (N = 33)
OP (N = 83)
Low LM (N = 6)
Obesity (N = 33)
OP + low LM (N = 11)
Obesity + OP (N = 24)
Obesity + low LM (N = 14)
Obesity + OP + low LM (N = 14)
VAT (kg)
1.2 ± 0.6a
1.0 ± 0.5a,b
1.5 ± 0.4a,b,c
2.3 ± 0.9c,d
1.1 ± 0.5a,b,c,e
2.0 ± 0.8c,d,f
2.3 ± 0.8c,d,f,g
2.2 ± 1.0c,d,f,g
≤0.001
Strength (kg)
33 ± 9.7a
26.6 ± 9.3b
29 ± 6.7a,b,c
33 ± 9.9a,c,d
29 ± 9.0a,b,c,d,e
29.9 ± 11.2a,b,c,d,e,f
28.2 ± 7.6a,b,c,d,e,f,g
23.5 ± 6.9b,c,e,f,g
≤0.001
Gait speed (m/s)
0.9 ± 0.1
0.9 ± 0.2
0.9 ± 0.1
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8 ± 0.1
0.7 ± 0.1
0.108
TS sitting (min/week)
1314 ± 866a
1350 ± 1055a,b
900 ± 805a,b,c
2184 ± 1680a,c,d
1266 ± 829a,b,c,d,e
1490 ± 1123a,b,c,d,e,f
2752 ± 1770d,e,f,g
1596 ± 1136a,b,c,d,e,f,g
0.002
Energy intake (kcal/day)
1692 ± 474
1655 ± 527
1759 ± 199
1711 ± 457
1643 ± 473
1602 ± 389
1648 ± 349
1511 ± 412
0.936
Carbohydrates (%)
51.8 ± 6.0
52.8 ± 6.4
51.1 ± 5.7
52.8 ± 5.6
52.2 ± 4.4
51.1 ± 4.1
53.3 ± 5.0
53.4 ± 7.3
0.920
Protein (%)
18.3 ± 3.9
17.7 ± 3.4
18.4 ± 2.6
17.0 ± 3.2
17.8 ± 4.1
17.7 ± 2.3
17.1 ± 3.7
16.6 ± 3.1
0.624
Protein (g/kg)
1.0 ± 0.4a
1.1 ± 0.2a,b
1.2 ± 0.3a,b,c
0.7 ± 0.2d
1.1 ± 0.5a,b,c,e
0.8 ± 0.2c,d,f
0.8 ± 0.2a,c,d,e
0.7 ± 0.2a,c,d,f
≤0.001
Leucine (g)
5.8 ± 2.19
5.4 ± 1.6
6.3 ± 1.2
5.2 ± 1.4
5.5 ± 1.5
5.4 ± 1.4
5.2 ± 1.1
4.8 ± 1.7
0.399
Isoleucine (g)
3.3 ± 1.2
3.1 ± 0.9
3.5 ± 0.7
3.0 ± 0.7
3.1 ± 0.9
3.1 ± 0.8
3.0 ± 0.7
2.7 ± 0.98
0.449
Valine (g)
3.8 ± 1.4
3.5 ± 1.0
4.0 ± 0.8
3.4 ± 0.9
3.6 ± 1.0
3.5 ± 0.9
3.4 ± 0.7
3.1 ± 1.1
0.441
Total fat (%)
31.6 ± 4.0
30.8 ± 4.5
28.5 ± 5.4
31.3 ± 4.5
31.6 ± 3.0
33.6 ± 2.7
31.3 ± 4.9
30.5 ± 4.2
0.107
SFA (%)
10.4 ± 2.1
9.6 ± 1.8
9.7 ± 3.1
10.2 ± 2.7
9.7 ± 1.0
10.7 ± 1.7
10.1 ± 2.4
9.8 ± 2.2
0.198
MUFA (%)
10.1 ± 1.9
9.9 ± 1.9
8.5 ± 2.2
9.9 ± 1.7
10.0 ± 1.5
10.3 ± 1.5
9.6 ± 2.1
9.8 ± 1.9
0.576
PUFA (%)
7.0 ± 1.1
7.3 ± 1.3
6.2 ± 1.0
7.2 ± 1.7
8.0 ± 1.2
7.9 ± 1.3
7.6 ± 1.4
7.6 ± 1.4
0.067
Calcium (mg)
596 ± 169
536 ± 191
543 ± 211
546 ± 196
475 ± 200
520 ± 192
523 ± 183
498 ± 231
0.582
Vitamin D (mcg)
2.2 ± 1.7
1.9 ± 1.5
2.1 ± 0.6
1.6 ± 0.9
1.2 ± 0.9
1.6 ± 0.7
1.4 ± 0.7
1.1 ± 0.6
0.110
Different letters in the same row indicate statistical significance between the groups (Tukey–Kramer post hoc). OP, osteopenia/osteoporosis; LM, lean mass; AT, visceral adipose tissue; TS, time spent; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
