Obesity Associated with Low Lean Mass and Low Bone Density Has Higher Impact on General Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Table 2

Pearson’ chi-squared test performed to investigate the relationship between the 4 groups and socioeconomic and lifestyle variables.

Variables	Groups				χ2
	Normal (N = 33)	Low ALM and/or osteopenia (N = 100)	Obesity exclusive (N = 33)	Obesity + osteopenia and/or low ALM (N = 52)
Sex
Female	13 (11.4)	62 (54.3)	14 (12.2)	25 (21.9)	7.63	0.054
Male	20 (19.2)	38 (36.5)	19 (18.2)	27 (25.9)
Smoke
Yes	9 (27.27	44 (44.4%)	13 (39.3%)	19 (36.5%)	3.26	0.352
No	24 (72.7%)	55 (55.5%)	20 (60.6%)	33 (63.4%)
Alcohol consumer
Yes	8 (15.0%)	22 (41.5%)	10 (18.8%)	13 (24.5%)	0.88	0.828
No	25 (15.2%)	77 (46.9%)	23 (14.0%)	39 (23.7%)
Educational level
≤9 years	17 (11%)	60 (52%)	14 (12%)	24 (21%)	12.17	0.058
10–12 years	10 (20%)	23 (46%)	5 (10%)	12 (24%)
≥13 years	6 (12%)	16 (31%)	14 (28%)	15 (29%)
Marital status
Married	14 (15%)	46 (49%)	13 (14%)	20 (22%)	0.96	0.810
Not married	19 (15%)	53 (43%)	20 (16%)	31 (25%)
Race
White	14 (10%)	64 (48%)	21 (16%)	35 (26%)	6.62	0.084
Nonwhite	19 (23%)	35 (43%)	12 (15%)	16 (19%)
Income (US$/month)#
≤217.32	13 (19%)	36 (52%)	7 (10%)	13 (19%)	14.9	0.021
>217.32–651.96	9 (12%)	28 (37%)	12 (16%)	26 (35%)
>651.96	5 (14%)	14 (40%)	11 (31%)	5 (14%)
Medications
0	10 (19%)	23 (42%)	11 (20%)	10 (19%)	7.89	0.246
1–4	17 (14%)	61 (52%)	14 (12%)	26 (22%)
≥5	6 (13%)	16 (35%)	8 (17%)	16 (35%)
Leisure-time PA
<150 min/week	24 (14%)	76 (44%)	25 (15%)	47 (27%)	5.39	0.145
≥150 min/week	9 (20%)	23 (51%)	8 (18%)	5 (11%)

Income per capita, 1 US$ = 3.33 Brazilian reals in 2015. Positive association in the residual analysis. Negative association in the residual analysis.