The Relationship between Body Appreciation and Self-Esteem and Associated Factors among Omani University Students: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey
Table 1
Characteristics of the participants based on gender and presented in column percentages, n (%), and mean (standard deviation).
Variable
Female n = 149
Male n = 88
Total n = 237
value
n (%)
cGPA
0.013
Less than 2
5 (3.4)
2 (2.3)
7 (3.0)
2–2.9
91 (61.1)
70 (79.5)
161 (67.9)
3–4
53 (35.6)
16 (18.2)
69 (29.1)
Marital status
0.130
Unmarried
134 (89.9)
84 (95.5)
218 (92.0)
Married
15 (10.1)
4 (4.5)
19 (8.0)
Father’s educational level
0.563
Less than primary
35 (23.5)
25 (28.4)
60 (25.3)
Higher primary
30 (20.1)
12 (13.6)
42 (17.7)
Secondary school
48 (32.2)
31 (35.2)
79 (33.3)
University
36 (24.2)
20 (22.7)
56 (23.6)
Mother’s educational level
0.935
Less than primary
50 (33.6)
33 (37.5)
83 (35.0)
Higher primary
40 (26.8)
23 (26.1)
63 (26.6)
Secondary school
36 (24.2)
20 (22.7)
56 (23.6)
University
23 (15.4)
12 (13.6)
35 (14.8)
Parents’ occupation status
0.868
Only one is working
78 (52.3)
44 (50.0)
122 (51.5)
Both are working
17 (11.4)
12 (13.6)
29 (12.2)
None of them is working
54 (36.2)
32 (36.4)
86 (36.3)
Household income, OMR#
0.573
Less than 500
40 (26.8)
20 (22.7)
60 (25.3)
501–1000
56 (37.6)
29 (33.0)
85 (35.9)
1001–1500
23 (15.4)
21 (23.9)
44 (18.6)
1501–2000
12 (8.1)
8 (9.1)
20 (8.4)
More than 2000
18 (12.1)
10 (11.4)
28 (11.8)
Number of accounts on social media
0.986
One account
75 (50.3)
45 (51.1)
120 (50.6)
Two-three accounts
37 (24.8)
22 (25.0)
59 (24.9)
Four or more accounts
37 (24.8)
21 (23.9)
58 (24.5)
Physical meetings with friends/week
0.284
Do not meet anyone
72 (48.3)
37 (42.0)
109 (46.0)
Once a week
42 (28.2)
22 (25.0)
64 (27.0)
Twice or more a week
35 (23.5)
29 (33.0)
64 (27.0)
m (SD)
Age
21.9 (2.3)
22.2 (2.0)
22.0 (2.2)
0.372
BMI
23.2 (5.8)
23.1 (4.9)
23.2 (5.5)
0.869
Body appreciation (BAS-2)1
39.2 (8.5)
37.7 (8.3)
38.6 (8.5)
0.174
Self-esteem (RSES)2
28.4 (3.3)
27.9 (3.1)
28.2 (3.2)
0.192
Time spent on social media (hours)
5.0 (2.3)
4.3 (2.2)
4.7 (2.3)
0.042
Sleeping hours
7.4 (1.8)
7.4 (1.6)
7.4 (1.7)
0.900
Number of siblings
7.9 (3.8)
7.8 (3.4)
7.9 (3.6)
0.825
value based on chi-square (categorical variables) and t-test (comparing means of continuous variables). BAS-2 = Body Appreciation Scale-2; RSES = Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. #OMR = Omani riyals. 1The total score is 50; higher scores indicate higher appreciation of the body. 2The total score is 40; higher scores indicate higher self-esteem.
