Structural Brain Changes Associated with Overweight and Obesity

Table 1

Cytokines and chemokines outside CNS and in relation with microglia.

References	Cell	Interleukins and chemokines
Makki et al. [55]	Quiescent adipocyte	Adiponectin
		Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)
		IL-10
		IL-4
		IL-13
		IL-1 (receptor antagonist)
		Apelin
	Activated adipocyte (obesity)	TNF-α
		IL-6
		Leptin
		Adiponectin
		Resistin
		Visfatin
		Angiotensin II
		Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), also known as endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor)
Wentworth et al. [56]	Adipose tissue macrophages (lean)	Mannose receptor (CD206^+)
Esser et al. [57]		IL-10
Wang et al. [58]		Arginase (ARG1)
	M1 macrophages (proinflammatory activity)	Platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGF-β)
		Caspase 1 activation (inflammasomes: CD206^+ / CD11c^+)
		IL-1β (inflammasomes: CD206^+ / CD11c^+)
	Adipose tissue macrophages (obesity)	IL-6
		Nitric oxide (NO)
		CD11c and immune nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
		TNF-α
		IL-1β
Valdearcos et al. [59]; Erta et al. [60]; Franco and Fernández-Suarez [61]	Microglia M2	IL-4Rα
		IL-10
	Microglia M1
		IL-1β
		IL-2
		IL-6
		IL-12
		IL-15
		IL-17
		IL-18
		IL-23
		IFN-γ
		TNF-α
		c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) increased
		Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) increased
		Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1)
		CX3CL1 (fractalkine: chemokine (C-X3-C motif)) (ligand 1)
		Macrophage-stimulating protein receptor (MST1R)

IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TGF: tumor growth factor.