High Prevalence of Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Areas of Pontianak, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Chi-square association between predictor variables and pre-diabetes status.

Independent variables	Male (n = 48)			Female (n = 198)			Total (n = 246)
	Prediabetes		OR (95% CI)	value	Prediabetes		OR (95% CI)	value	Prediabetes		OR (95% CI)	value
	Yes	No			Yes	No			Yes	No
Sex
Female	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	150	48	1.21 (0.56–2.62)	0.618
Male	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	38	10	1
Education levels
Low (primary, secondary)	21	5	1.235 (0.306–4.983)	0.766	100	29	1.310 (0.670–2.563)	0.537	121	34	1.275 (0.43–1.43)	0.429
High (senior high school, higher education)	17	5	1		50	19	1		67	24	1
Health insurance ownership
No	9	1	2.793 (0.310–25.137)	0.343	55	5	4.979 (1.862–13.317)	0.001	64	6	4.473 (1.824–10.972)	≤0.001
Yes	29	9	1		95	43	1		124	52	1
Tobacco use
Yes	12	3	1.077 (0.237–4.902)	0.924	57	18	1.022 (0.522–1.998)	0.950	69	21	1.022 (0.554–1.884)	0.945
No	26	7	1		93	30	1		119	37	1
History of hypertension
Yes	16	1	6.545 (0.752–56.985)	0.059	68	11	2.789 (1.323–5.881)	0.010	84	12	3.096 (1.542–6.218)	0.001
No	22	9	1		82	37	1		104	46	1
History of gout
Yes	12	2	1.846 (0.339–10.043)	0.474	51	8	2.576 (1.122–5.912)	0.035	63	10	2.419 (1.148–5.099)	0.018
No	26	8	1		99	40	1		125	48	1
History of high cholesterol level
Yes	12	3	1.077 (0.237–4.902)	0924	56	13	1.604 (0.783–3.287)	0.261	68	16	1.488 (0.778–2.884)	0.228
No	26	7	1		94	35	1		120	42	1
Frequency of exercise
≤3 times/week	28	9	0.311 (0.035–2.776)	0.275	121	37	1.240 (0.565–2.721)	0.740	149	46	1.01 (0.48–2.07)	0.993
>3 times/week	10	1	1		29	11	1		39	12	1
Participation in diabetes prevention education
No	26	8	0.542 (0.100–2.947)	0.474	90	26	1.269 (0.659–2.444)	0.585	116	34	1.137 (0.624–2.071)	0.674
Yes	12	2	1		60	22	1		72	24	1
Hypertension status
Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg)	14	3	6.545 (0.752–56.985)	0.059	48	13	1.267 (0.615–2.611)	0.644	62	16	0.77 (0.40–1.48)	0.440
Nonhypertension (<140/90 mmHg)	24	7	1		102	35	1		126	42	1

1 = reference.