Research Article
High Prevalence of Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Areas of Pontianak, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 3
Chi-square association between predictor variables and pre-diabetes status.
| Independent variables | Male (n = 48) | Female (n = 198) | Total (n = 246) | Prediabetes | OR (95% CI) | value | Prediabetes | OR (95% CI) | value | Prediabetes | OR (95% CI) | value | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Sex | Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 150 | 48 | 1.21 (0.56–2.62) | 0.618 | Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38 | 10 | 1 | | Education levels | Low (primary, secondary) | 21 | 5 | 1.235 (0.306–4.983) | 0.766 | 100 | 29 | 1.310 (0.670–2.563) | 0.537 | 121 | 34 | 1.275 (0.43–1.43) | 0.429 | High (senior high school, higher education) | 17 | 5 | 1 | | 50 | 19 | 1 | | 67 | 24 | 1 | | Health insurance ownership | No | 9 | 1 | 2.793 (0.310–25.137) | 0.343 | 55 | 5 | 4.979 (1.862–13.317) | 0.001 | 64 | 6 | 4.473 (1.824–10.972) | ≤0.001 | Yes | 29 | 9 | 1 | | 95 | 43 | 1 | | 124 | 52 | 1 | | Tobacco use | Yes | 12 | 3 | 1.077 (0.237–4.902) | 0.924 | 57 | 18 | 1.022 (0.522–1.998) | 0.950 | 69 | 21 | 1.022 (0.554–1.884) | 0.945 | No | 26 | 7 | 1 | | 93 | 30 | 1 | | 119 | 37 | 1 | | History of hypertension | Yes | 16 | 1 | 6.545 (0.752–56.985) | 0.059 | 68 | 11 | 2.789 (1.323–5.881) | 0.010 | 84 | 12 | 3.096 (1.542–6.218) | 0.001 | No | 22 | 9 | 1 | | 82 | 37 | 1 | | 104 | 46 | 1 | | History of gout | Yes | 12 | 2 | 1.846 (0.339–10.043) | 0.474 | 51 | 8 | 2.576 (1.122–5.912) | 0.035 | 63 | 10 | 2.419 (1.148–5.099) | 0.018 | No | 26 | 8 | 1 | | 99 | 40 | 1 | | 125 | 48 | 1 | | History of high cholesterol level | Yes | 12 | 3 | 1.077 (0.237–4.902) | 0924 | 56 | 13 | 1.604 (0.783–3.287) | 0.261 | 68 | 16 | 1.488 (0.778–2.884) | 0.228 | No | 26 | 7 | 1 | | 94 | 35 | 1 | | 120 | 42 | 1 | | Frequency of exercise | ≤3 times/week | 28 | 9 | 0.311 (0.035–2.776) | 0.275 | 121 | 37 | 1.240 (0.565–2.721) | 0.740 | 149 | 46 | 1.01 (0.48–2.07) | 0.993 | >3 times/week | 10 | 1 | 1 | | 29 | 11 | 1 | | 39 | 12 | 1 | | Participation in diabetes prevention education | No | 26 | 8 | 0.542 (0.100–2.947) | 0.474 | 90 | 26 | 1.269 (0.659–2.444) | 0.585 | 116 | 34 | 1.137 (0.624–2.071) | 0.674 | Yes | 12 | 2 | 1 | | 60 | 22 | 1 | | 72 | 24 | 1 | | Hypertension status | Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) | 14 | 3 | 6.545 (0.752–56.985) | 0.059 | 48 | 13 | 1.267 (0.615–2.611) | 0.644 | 62 | 16 | 0.77 (0.40–1.48) | 0.440 | Nonhypertension (<140/90 mmHg) | 24 | 7 | 1 | | 102 | 35 | 1 | | 126 | 42 | 1 | |
|
|
|