In Vitro Insulin Resistance Model: A Recent Update

Figure 1

The insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes (mature 3T3-L1 cell lines). Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR) and activates the downstream molecules, including IRS1/2, PI3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt. The activated-Akt phosphorylates AS160 and inhibits its activation in stabilizing GLUT4, followed by GLUT4 translocation. It also enhances lipogenesis and adipogenesis via sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and PPARγ related to mTORC1 activation. Moreover, the activated- Akt inhibits lipolysis by suppressing hormone-specific lipase (HSL).