Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy

Table 16

Studies investigating the relationship between refractive error and risk for ARM.

Study	No. of cases	Measure of risk factor	Type of ARM	Odds ratio or relative risk	95% confidence interval
Cross-Sectional Studies
Blue Mountains Eye Study [263]	3654	Each diopter of increase in mean spherical equivalent	Early ARM	1.1	1.0–1.2
			Late ARM	1.0	0.9–1.1
Rotterdam Study [264]	6209	Each diopter of increase towards hypermetropia	Early ARM	1.09	1.04–1.14
			Late ARM	1.09	1.01–1.19
Beijing Eye Study [37]	4439	Hypermetropia	Early ARM	N/A	1.1–1.34
			Late ARM		0.76–1.05
Prospective Studies
Blue Mountains Eye Study [265]	2335	Each diopter of increase in mean spherical equivalent	Early ARM	1.1	0.98–1.15
			Late ARM	1.1	0.9–1.2
Beaver Dam Eye Study [266]	3684	Hypermetropia +1.00 diopter or more	Early ARM	0.86	0.62–1.19 (Right Eye)
				0.75	0.55–1.03 (Left Eye)
			Late ARM	2.09	0.30–14.49 (Right Eye)
				3.56	0.59–21.74 (Left Eye)
Beaver Dam Eye Study [266]	3306	Hypermetropia +1.00 diopter or more	Early ARM	0.9	0.7–1.1
			Late ARM	1.2	0.6–2.3
Rotterdam Study [264]	4935	Each diopter of increase towards hypermetropia	Early and late ARM	1.05	1.01–1.10