Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy

Table 7

Studies investigating the relationship between female sex hormones and risk for ARM.

Study	No. of cases	Measure of risk factor	Type of ARM	Odds ratio or relative risk	95% confidence interval
Cross-Sectional Studies
Beaver Dam Eye Study [180]	4926	Number of pregnancies	Early ARM	0.95	0.92–1.01
		Hormone replacement therapy usage	Late ARM	0.94	0.63–1.39
Blue Mountains Eye Study [24, 188]	3654	Years from menarche to menopause	Early ARM	0.97	0.95–0.99
Los Angeles Latino Eye Study [114]	5875	Use of oral contraceptive pills	Early ARM	0.5	0.4–0.8
		Use of hormone replacement therapy	Early ARM	0.8	0.6–1.2
Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L’Age [189]	2584	Hormone replacement therapy	Late ARM	N/A	N/A
Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project [190]	1458	Current use of hormone replacement therapy	Early ARM	0,7	0.3–1.5
			Late ARM	0.6	0.1–2.9
Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey [191]	5539	Age at menarche 14+	ARM	2.3	1.2–4.7
		Age at menopause <45 years	ARM	1.5	0.3–8.1
		Endogenous estrogen exposure <30 years	ARM	2.2	0.4–12.0
Prospective Studies
Beaver Dam Eye Study [181]	3684	Hormone replacement therapy (3+ years)	Early ARM	0.98	0.56–1.73
			Late ARM	1.30	0.36–5.21
Rotterdam Study [23, 26, 192]	4616	Early menopause following oophorectomy	ARM	3.8	1.1–12.6
Pooled data: Beaver Dam Eye Study/Blue Mountains Eye Study/Rotterdam Study [23, 26]	9523	Time from menarche to menopause per year	Late ARM	0.99	0.95–1.03
		Hormone replacement therapy	Late ARM	1.00	0.40–2.45