Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy Genes through a Genome-Wide Association Study among Mexican-Americans from Starr County, Texas

Table 1

Basic characteristics of Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes from Starr County, Texas.

Variables		No DR + NPDR-${\text{E}}^{\#}$	NPDR-S + ${\text{PDR}}^{\#}$	$P$-${\text{value}}^{\S }$	OR	(95%CI)
		(controls $n=183$)	(cases $n=103$)
Age	$\text{Mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$57.06\pm 11.54$	$58.67\pm 9.27$	.1988	1.01	(0.99–1.04)
Gender	Male	66 (36.07%)	43 (41.75%)	.3422	1.00	—
	Female	117 (63.93%)	60 (58.25%)		0.79	(0.48–1.29)
Albumin	Negative	132 (74.58%)	57 (60.64%)	.0802	1.00	—
	20 mg/L	22 (12.43%)	14 (14.89%)		1.47	(0.70–3.08)
	50 mg/L	17 (9.60%)	17 (18.09%)		2.32	(1.10–4.86)${}^{*}$
	100 mg/L	6 (3.39%)	6 (6.38%)		2.32	(0.72–7.49)
Hypertension history	No	96 (54.24%)	59 (59.60%)	.3895	1.00	—
	Yes	81 (45.76%)	40 (40.40%)		0.80	(0.49–1.32)
Diabetes duration (yrs)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$12.02\pm 9.09$	$18.10\pm 8.22$	$<$.0001	1.08	(1.05–1.11)${}^{***}$
HbA1C (%)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$10.87\pm 3.72$	$12.29\pm 3.90$	.0028	1.10	(1.03–1.18)${}^{***}$
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$185.54\pm 68.71$	$201.63\pm 84.49$	.0883	1.03	(0.99–1.06)
BMI (kg/m^2)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$31.82\pm 6.49$	$30.85\pm 5.93$	.2175	0.98	(0.94–1.02)
Systolic BP (mmHg)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$126.79\pm 17.86$	$134.73\pm 23.26$	.0037	1.21	(1.07–1.38)${}^{***}$
						(every 10 unit)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$72.69\pm 10.03$	$73.32\pm 10.78$	.6290	1.06	(0.84–1.35)
						(every 10 unit)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$191.21\pm 41.81$	$199.06\pm 42.13$	.1381	1.05	(0.99–1.11)
						(every 10 unit)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$184.79\pm 120.92$	$210.02\pm 123.59$	.1031	1.02	(0.99–1.04)
						(every 10 unit)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$42.86\pm 11.73$	$40.62\pm 10.32$	.1153	0.83	(0.66–1.05)
						(every 10 unit)
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	$\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$111.49\pm 30.71$	$118.94\pm 34.84$	.0790	1.08	(0.99–1.16)

${}^{\#}$No DR: normal or nondiabetic retinopathy; NPDR-E: early nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
${}^{\#}$NPDR-S: moderate-to-severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy
${}^{\mathit{\S }}P$-value of ${\chi }^2$ test or Student $t$-test
${}^{*}P$-$\text{value}<.05\text{,}$${}^{**}P$-$\text{value}<.01\text{,}$${}^{***}P$-$\text{value}<.005$.