Trends in Glaucoma Medication Expenditures under Universal Health Coverage: A National Population-Based Longitudinal Survey in Taiwan
Table 1
Total and mean glaucoma medication expenditure (USD, adjusted for inflation to the 2011 Consumer Price Index of Taiwan), LHID2000.
Total glaucoma medication cost (mean cost per person)
Characteristic
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Slope
value
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Total expenditure
208,858
212849
249,959
291,523
333,204
397,456
414,489
495,927
552,024
591,417
589,885
614,044
611,331
633,151
37,618
<0.001
(67.3)
(60.8)
(68.3)
(79.0)
(87.1)
(96.5)
(93.8)
(98.2)
(102.0)
(105.0)
(99.4)
(97.5)
(90.6)
(90.0)
2.8
<0.001
Gender
Male
100,245
104,485
123,542
147,789
167,646
202,446
214,111
258,024
285,850
307,655
312,891
325,681
325,892
337,195
20,567
<0.001
(68.1)
(62.7)
(70.9)
(84.1)
(90.6)
(99.9)
(100.1)
(105.5)
(108.3)
(111.0)
(109.1)
(105.0)
(97.9)
(95.7)
3.5
<0.001
Female
108,613
108,364
126,417
143,734
165,558
195,010
200,379
237,903
266,174
283,762
276,994
288,364
285,439
295,956
17,013
<0.001
(66.6)
(59.0)
(65.9)
(74.4)
(83.9)
(93.3)
(87.8)
(91.4)
(96.1)
(99.1)
(90.4)
(90.2)
(83.6)
(84.3)
2.2
0.004
Age
<40
21,558
22,522
23,960
28,747
37,071
47,405
46,926
55,595
60,910
63,110
61,386
62,593
58,693
58,665
3,965
<0.001
(46.3)
(40.1)
(42.2)
(49.5)
(66.8)
(74.5)
(71.8)
(71.4)
(74.1)
(80.2)
(77.6)
(74.8)
(67.9)
(67.5)
2.6
0.001
40–64
81,136
81,205
93,961
113,495
126,037
142,456
147,223
174,562
194,788
208,877
206,852
215,594
221,214
228,075
12,963
<0.001
(64.7)
(59.6)
(65.8)
(78.1)
(83.6)
(90.8)
(85.0)
(89.2)
(93.5)
(95.9)
(90.5)
(89.5)
(83.9)
(84.3)
2.0
0.003
≥65
106,165
109,121
132,038
149,281
170,096
207,595
220,340
265,770
296,327
319,430
321,647
335,858
331,424
346,410
20,982
<0.001
(76.7)
(69.1)
(79.3)
(90.2)
(96.6)
(108.5)
(108.4)
(114.9)
(118.3)
(119.8)
(112.6)
(110.0)
(102.2)
(100.2)
3.3
<0.001
Monthly income
≤610
121,072
117,866
135,830
158,382
183,680
216,500
225,130
263,846
287,919
300,211
291,968
299,156
288,696
292,996
17,296
<0.001
(73.7)
(65.6)
(71.6)
(84.7)
(94.1)
(102.7)
(100.1)
(103.8)
(108.0)
(109.4)
(102.9)
(100.6)
(92.3)
(92.2)
2.5
0.005
611–1220
71,896
77,079
92,189
102,596
114,674
137,747
142,387
172,602
194,157
211,463
214,992
228,099
232,210
242,717
14,528
<0.001
(58.9)
(55.2)
(64.5)
(71.0)
(76.3)
(85.2)
(82.3)
(88.5)
(90.5)
(95.1)
(91.0)
(91.0)
(85.1)
(84.3)
2.9
<0.001
>1220
15,889
17,904
21,940
30,546
34,850
43,209
46,972
59,480
69,948
79,743
82,926
86,789
90,426
97,439
6,867
<0.001
(65.7)
(57.9)
(65.3)
(82.1)
(94.2)
(109.7)
(107.0)
(106.8)
(117.0)
(119.9)
(113.1)
(106.2)
(102.1)
(99.7)
4.0
0.001
Occupation
White-collar
90,794
92,736
108,883
127,199
147,618
172,884
176,803
215,931
248,346
268,507
273,476
287,715
289,024
303,343
18,495
<0.001
(69.5)
(62.4)
(69.0)
(80.2)
(88.3)
(95.9)
(90.7)
(93.5)
(100.2)
(103.6)
(99.8)
(96.5)
(90.3)
(90.1)
2.5
0.001
Blue-collar
67,431
69,645
81,244
91,903
102,067
123,503
128,240
153,700
172,262
188,362
188,384
196,023
195,304
205,480
11,985
<0.001
(58.7)
(53.2)
(60.8)
(68.1)
(74.3)
(83.4)
(81.6)
(86.7)
(88.9)
(93.0)
(88.1)
(87.2)
(81.3)
(82.1)
2.7
<0.001
Other
50,633
50,468
59,832
72,422
83,519
101,069
109,446
126,296
131,416
134,548
128,025
130,307
127,004
124,328
7,902
<0.001
(78.0)
(71.4)
(79.9)
(96.2)
(107.4)
(120.9)
(121.9)
(130.6)
(132.2)
(132.4)
(121.6)
(122.1)
(111.1)
(107.0)
4.0
0.002
Glaucoma medicationa
PGAs
19,283
72,406
120,877
141,191
185,021
221,495
241,386
248,635
259,079
242,699
250,057
23,779
<0.001
(80.0)
(138.2)
(150.2)
(127.0)
(127.0)
(132.8)
(135.2)
(130.9)
(129.2)
(116.5)
(112.6)
0.4
0.787
-blockers
200,229
204,690
219,951
217,671
199,730
198,074
179,209
176,870
166,256
155,935
127,751
123,041
111,916
95,682
−10,152
<0.001
(67.3)
(60.4)
(62.1)
(61.4)
(57.1)
(56.1)
(50.3)
(46.3)
(43.9)
(41.5)
(34.5)
(32.2)
(28.2)
(24.3)
−0.5
<0.001
α-agonists
180
9,720
26,053
33,311
50,288
58,937
66,428
71,139
74,891
80,729
90,018
8,697
<0.001
(18.0)
(37.4)
(52.6)
(54.3)
(54.8)
(54.5)
(55.2)
(52.2)
(50.5)
(48.0)
(48.4)
1.5
0.194
CAIs
21,002
46,907
45,410
46,897
53,271
61,980
57,895
53,574
52,206
57,326
52,120
53,699
648
0.303
(72.2)
(92.9)
(83.0)
(83.0)
(84.3)
(91.8)
(90.0)
(85.4)
(81.1)
(84.9)
(75.0)
(70.9)
−1.5
0.060
Cholinergic agonist
8,629
8,159
9,005
7,483
5,939
5,554
4,530
4,863
4,978
4,751
3,747
3,331
3,138
3,166
−432
<0.001
(10.9)
(9.5)
(11.5)
(10.5)
(9.8)
(9.4)
(8.0)
(8.2)
(8.4)
(8.1)
(6.9)
(6.3)
(5.9)
(5.9)
−0.5
<0.001
-blockers/ CAIs
2,951
14,553
29,437
47,992
60,413
66,376
72,166
73,586
11,526
<0.001
(57.9)
(77.8)
(87.3)
(93.2)
(99.2)
(93.1)
(95.7)
(90.4)
3.0
0.072
-blockers/ α-agonists
34
1,134
3,373
12,115
24,760
5,750
0.028
(17.1)
(51.5)
(54.4)
(64.8)
(79.9)
12.6
0.076
-blockers/ PGAs
26
2,351
13,026
21,316
24,860
26,603
36,433
42,184
8,042
<0.001
(25.8)
(58.8)
(105.9)
(134.9)
(146.2)
(116.2)
(121.4)
(114.9)
9.8
0.079
Number of trabeculectomies
124
126
100
69
73
65
64
66
63
70
75
61
70
68
PGAs, prostaglandin analogues; CAIs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; LHID2000, National Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. , number of patients under glaucoma medication. aAdrenergic agonists not shown because of small sample sizes.
