Visual, Musculoskeletal, and Balance Complaints in AMD: A Follow-Up Study
Table 2
Descriptive statistics of AMD patients and age-matched control group with normal vision at baseline and follow-up.
Baseline
Follow-up
Difference
Cases ()
BCVA (logMAR)
0.78
0.91
0.19
<0.001
Critical print size (p)
6.89
25.78
18.89
<0.001
Magnification ()
3.74
5.64
1.91
0.004
Reading distance (cm)
20.11
19.28
−0.83
0.436
VFQ-NAS
45.72
31.45
−4.26
<0.001
VMB-V
15.19
26.32
11.13
<0.001
VMB-M
8.03
11.99
3.96
0.019
VMB-B
20.99
28.64
7.65
<0.001
Healthy, (%)
27 (73)
18 (49)
−9 (33)
0.007
Type of visual aid
Reading glasses, (%)
7 (19)
3 (8)
−4 (43)
0.157
Bifocals, (%)
7 (19)
0 (0)
−7 (100)
0.008
Progressives, (%)
4 (11)
0 (0)
−4 (100)
0.046
Handheld aids, (%)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.000
CCTV, (%)
3 (8)
19 (51)
16 (633)
<0.001
Combination†, (%)
16 (43)
15 (41)
−1 (6)
0.819
Referents ()
BCVA (logMAR)
−0.03
0.03
0.06
0.030
Critical print size (p)
4.76
4.17
−0.50
0.070
Magnification (×)
0.61
0.62
0.01
0.588
Reading distance (cm)
40.91
36.44
−4.47
0.026
VFQ-NAS
96.99
91.61
−5.37
0.010
VMB-V
4.92
6.33
1.41
0.200
VMB-M
5.06
6.14
1.08
0.477
VMB-B
4.42
7.36
2.94
0.102
Healthy, (%)
13 (72)
12 (67)
−1 (8)
0.655
Type of visual aid
Reading glasses, (%)
4 (22)
3 (17)
−1 (25)
0.564
Bifocals, (%)
5 (28)
3 (17)
−2 (40)
0.157
Progressives, (%)
9 (50)
12 (67)
3 (133)
0.180
Handheld aids, (%)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.000
CCTV, (%)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.000
Combination†, (%)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.000
values according to Wilcoxon signed rank test. †Any combination of two or more aids. BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; VFQ-NAS: Visual Function Questionnaire-Near Activities Subscale; VMB: visual, musculoskeletal, and balance complaints questionnaire.
