Visual, Musculoskeletal, and Balance Complaints in AMD: A Follow-Up Study
Table 3
Univariate generalized estimating equations on visual-related variable change from baseline to follow-up regressed on visual, musculoskeletal, and balance complaints in AMD patients and age-matched referents.
Independent variables
Visual complaints
Musculoskeletal complaints
Balance complaints
95% CI
95% CI
95% CI
Cases ()
BCVA (logMAR)
0.56
0.20; 0.93
0.002
0.31
−.032; 0.94
0.338
0.54
0.31; 0.77
<0.001
Critical print size (p)
0.01
0.01; 0.01
<0.001
0.01
−0.00; 0.01
0.255
0.01
0.00; 0.01
<0.001
Reading dist. (cm)
−0.01
−0.02; 0.01
0.530
0.03
−0.01; 0.06
0.190
0.00
−0.02; 0.02
0.852
Magnification (×)
0.06
0.02; 0.11
0.003
0.08
0.01; 0.15
0.034
0.06
0.03; 0.09
<0.001
VFQ-NAS (0–100)
−0.02
−0.03; −0.01
<0.001
−0.02
−0.03; −0.01
0.031
−0.01
−0.02; −0.01
<0.001
Vision aids
Reading glasses
−0.22
−0.58; 0.14
0.234
−0.60
−1.34; 0.14
0.111
−0.24
−0.53; 0.05
0.110
Bifocals
−0.87
−1.15; −0.58
<0.001
−0.52
−1.33; 0.29
0.205
−0.13
0.46; 0.21
0.462
Progressives
−0.63
−1.20; −0.07
0.027
−1.52
−3.78; 0.74
0.187
0.05
−0.20; 0.30
0.705
CCTV
0.54
0.39; 0.68
<0.001
0.38
0.02; 0.74
0.039
0.35
0.17; 0.53
<0.001
Combination
−0.10
0.35; −0.16
0.464
0.16
−0.19; 0.51
0.374
−0.20
−0.40; 0.01
0.037
Referents ()
BCVA (logMAR)
1.99
0.02; 3.95
0.047
1.51
−0.34; 3.36
0.110
2.14
−0.67; 4.94
0.135
Critical print size (p)
−0.02
−0.17; 0.12
0.739
0.14
−0.27; 0.56
0.504
0.06
−0.31; 0.43
0.750
Reading dist. (cm)
−0.02
−0.05; 0.02
0.267
−0.01
−0.05; 0.03
0.680
−0.05
−0.12; 0.02
0.194
Magnification (×)
0.88
−0.16; 1.91
0.096
0.85
−0.99; 2.70
0.366
1.47
−0.63; 3.57
0.171
VFQ-NAS (0–100)
−0.02
−0.05; 0.00
0.028
−0.02
−0.05; 0.01
0.269
−0.04
−0.06; −0.01
0.005
Vision aids
Reading glasses
−0.65
−0.85; −0.46
<0.001
−0.11
−0.69; 0.48
0.725
−0.10
−0.60; 0.39
0.681
Bifocals
0.66
0.22; 1.10
0.003
0.34
−0.27; 0.96
0.273
0.77
0.16; 1.35
0.013
Progressives
−0.01
−0.36; 0.34
0.966
−0.15
−0.65; 0.34
0.560
−0.52
−1.11; 0.07
0.084
CCTV
—
—
—
Combination
—
—
—
Any combination of two or more aids. BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; VFQ-NAS: Visual Function Questionnaire-Near Activities Subscale; VMB: visual, musculoskeletal, and balance complaints questionnaire. GEE model specifications: unstructured correlation matrix, normal distribution, and log link function.
