Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism

Table 1

Intraclass correlation between right and left eyes for various parameters.

Parameter	Intraclass correlation coefficient	Confidence interval	-value
Autorefraction spherical equivalent	0.934	0.871–0.966
Autorefraction total astigmatism	0.921	0.845–9.960
Retinoscopy spherical equivalent	0.929	0.861–0.964
Retinoscopy total astigmatism	0.962	0.926–0.984
Subjective refraction spherical equivalent	0.968	0.937–0.977
Subjective refraction total astigmatism	0.952	0.913–0.977
Total astigmatism by Javal’s rule	0.783	0.562–0.892
Total astigmatism by Grosvenor’s version of Javal’s rule	0.783	0.562–0.892