Research Article
Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism
Table 1
Intraclass correlation between right and left eyes for various parameters.
| Parameter | Intraclass correlation coefficient | Confidence interval | -value |
| Autorefraction spherical equivalent | 0.934 | 0.871–0.966 | | Autorefraction total astigmatism | 0.921 | 0.845–9.960 | | Retinoscopy spherical equivalent | 0.929 | 0.861–0.964 | | Retinoscopy total astigmatism | 0.962 | 0.926–0.984 | | Subjective refraction spherical equivalent | 0.968 | 0.937–0.977 | | Subjective refraction total astigmatism | 0.952 | 0.913–0.977 | | Total astigmatism by Javal’s rule | 0.783 | 0.562–0.892 | | Total astigmatism by Grosvenor’s version of Javal’s rule | 0.783 | 0.562–0.892 | |
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