Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism

Table 3

The Bland-Altman 95% limits agreement and intraclass correlation coefficient for total astigmatism.

Parameter	Mean difference (standard deviation)	Bland-Altman; 95% limits of agreement	value	ICC; 95% confidence interval
Autorefraction versus subjective	0.19 (0.54)	−0.87 to 1.25	0.039	0.92 (0.84–0.96)
Retinoscopy versus subjective	0.25 (0.89)	−1.49 to 1.99	0.1	0.85 (0.699–0.921)
Javal’s rule versus subjective	0.6 (0.68)	−0.73 to 1.93	<0.001	0.82 (0.23–0.93)
Grosvenor’s modification versus subjective	0.4 (0.66)	−0.89 to 1.7	0.01	0.85 (0.6–0.933)
Autorefraction versus retinoscopy	0.06 (0.62)	−0.6 to 1.2	0.5	0.92 (0.857–0.963)